sqlite: enable Percentile extension

[TheOneTheOnlyJJ]

Refs: #60618

This enables the SQLite Percentile extension added to the amalgamation with the release of SQLite v3.51.0 (#60614) by adding the SQLITE_ENABLE_PERCENTILE flag to both the GYP and GN SQLite builds.

The changes were made by following the pattern set by #57621.

This also addresses a minor review comment left unhandled in #57621 (comment).

A new test was added to test/parallel/test-sqlite.js to verify that the percentile() function is available at runtime. The test is placed immediately after the existing math functions test for two reasons:

1. SQLITE_ENABLE_PERCENTILE follows SQLITE_ENABLE_MATH_FUNCTIONS alphabetically in the build configuration.
2. percentile() is logically related to the mathematical function set.

This change does not enable the mentioned Carray extension from #60618 and does not include the SQLITE_ENABLE_ORDERED_SET_AGGREGATES flag for enabling the WITHIN GROUP syntax. Those are left for separate discussion and follow-up.

[nodejs-github-bot]

Review requested:

• @nodejs/gyp
• @nodejs/security-wg
• @nodejs/sqlite

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 88.51%. Comparing base (bcdf2e0) to head (2ba1db0).
⚠️ Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #61295      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   88.53%   88.51%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         704      704              
  Lines      208759   208759              
  Branches    40281    40287       +6     
==========================================
- Hits       184816   184777      -39     
- Misses      15947    15984      +37     
- Partials     7996     7998       +2     

see 32 files with indirect coverage changes

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[TheOneTheOnlyJJ]

@geeksilva97

Since you worked on #57621 and this PR follows the same pattern, could you take a look at this?
It’s my first contribution to Node, and I based this directly on the work you did there.
The initial CI failure was due to improper commit message capitalization, which I fixed with a force-push.
I ran a local build and the relevant tests, and they pass.