feat(effects): infer Partial from catch-less try/? + check vs declared row (Refs #59)

[hyperpolymath]

STAGE-B effect-tracking spine (issue #59)

ctx.current_eff was declared but never read or mutated — effect inference did nothing, so #59's explicit motivating case ({Partial} — short-circuit failure, ? on Result) produced no tracking.

Change (root-cause, single concrete source)

• ExprTry with no catch arm — including the e? desugar (parser.mly expr_postfix QUESTION) — unions Partial into ctx.current_eff. A handled try (catch arm present) discharges it and adds nothing.
• check_fn_decl snapshots/resets current_eff around the body, then — only when an effect row is explicitly declared — requires inferred ⊆ declared (Effect.eff_subset), erroring with a new EffectNotDeclared type_error. Undeclared rows stay permissive (tracking-only v1) ⇒ blast radius zero (no stdlib/test uses ? or an explicit row).

Other effect sources (IO calls, Async) remain unconstrained — deliberately scoped; this stands up the accumulate→subsume path they plug into, it does not fake full inference.

Tests — test/test_effects.ml

• declared /{Partial} + ? → accepted
• declared /{IO} + ? → rejected with the [Repo] Effect-row v1 name list: define IO/Async/Partial/Throws[E]/Mut early #59 mismatch naming Partial
• undeclared row → permissive
• handled try → no Partial

Full gate 257/257 (253 + 4, zero regression).

Refs #59 — left open for joint-close per the requirements-target rule.

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

[github-actions]

🔍 Hypatia Security Scan

Findings: 44 issues detected

Severity	Count
🔴 Critical	12
🟠 High	21
🟡 Medium	11

⚠️ Action Required: Critical security issues found!

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