Add Hamming Code error-correction algorithm

[zhk319]

Implemented modular Hamming Code system with encoding, decoding, and single-bit error auto-correction logic.

Describe your change:

• Add an algorithm?
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.
• Documentation change?

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
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[zhk319]

pre-commit.ci run

[diusazzad]

f someone passes a non-binary string (like "10A1"), it will throw a generic error at int(x). We can catch this early with a quick check.

if not set(data_str).issubset({'0', '1'}):
raise ValueError("Input string must contain only '0' and '1'.")

data = [int(x) for x in data_str]