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shivRaaaj wants to merge 289 commits into from
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Demo #14230

shivRaaaj wants to merge 289 commits into from
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@shivRaaaj shivRaaaj commented Jan 31, 2026

Describe your change:

  • Add an algorithm?
  • Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
  • Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.
  • Documentation change?

Checklist:

  • I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
  • This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
  • I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
  • This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
  • All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
  • All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
  • All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
  • All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
  • All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
  • All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
  • If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER".
    nb,jv

CarlosZamG and others added 30 commits August 6, 2024 01:44
@CarlosZamG
Fix typo in integration_by_simpson_approx.py (TheAlgorithms#11501)
ed1900f
@pre-commit-ci
[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (TheAlgorithms#11515)
31c424f 
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.5.6 → v0.5.7](astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit@v0.5.6...v0.5.7)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
@tianyizheng02
Remove separate directory for gaussian_elimination_pivoting.py (The…
4841828 
…Algorithms#11445)

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Remove separate directory for gaussian_elimination_pivoting.py

Delete the directory linear_algebra/src/gaussian_elimination_pivoting/
and move its algorithm file, gaussian_elimination_pivoting.py, into the
parent src/ directory. The gaussian_elimination_pivoting/ directory only
exists because gaussian_elimination_pivoting.py reads an example numpy
array from matrix.txt, but this input file and IO operation is entirely
unnecessary because gaussian_elimination_pivoting.py already has the
exact same array hard-coded into a variable.

* updating DIRECTORY.md

---------

Co-authored-by: tianyizheng02 <tianyizheng02@users.noreply.github.com>
@MaximSmolskiy @cclauss
Fix ruff (TheAlgorithms#11527)
e3fa014 
* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Fix ruff

* Fix

* Fix

* Fix

* Revert "Fix"

This reverts commit 5bc3bf3.

* find_max.py: noqa: PLR1730

---------

Co-authored-by: MaximSmolskiy <MaximSmolskiy@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
@pre-commit-ci
[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (TheAlgorithms#11522)
c8e131b 
updates:
- [github.com/abravalheri/validate-pyproject: v0.18 → v0.19](abravalheri/validate-pyproject@v0.18...v0.19)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v1.11.1 → v1.11.2](pre-commit/mirrors-mypy@v1.11.1...v1.11.2)

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@pre-commit-ci
[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (TheAlgorithms#11535)
bd8085c 
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.6.2 → v0.6.3](astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit@v0.6.2...v0.6.3)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
@Ramy-Badr-Ahmed @pre-commit-ci @cclauss
kd tree data structure implementation (TheAlgorithms#11532)
f16d38f 
* Implemented KD-Tree Data Structure

* Implemented KD-Tree Data Structure. updated DIRECTORY.md.

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Create __init__.py

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Replaced legacy `np.random.rand` call with `np.random.Generator` in kd_tree/example_usage.py

* Replaced legacy `np.random.rand` call with `np.random.Generator` in kd_tree/hypercube_points.py

* added typehints and docstrings

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* docstring for search()

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* Added tests. Updated docstrings/typehints

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* updated tests and used | for type annotations

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* E501 for build_kdtree.py, hypercube_points.py, nearest_neighbour_search.py

* I001 for example_usage.py and test_kdtree.py

* I001 for example_usage.py and test_kdtree.py

* Update data_structures/kd_tree/build_kdtree.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/kd_tree/example/hypercube_points.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/kd_tree/example/hypercube_points.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added new test cases requested in Review. Refactored the test_build_kdtree() to include various checks.

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* Considered ruff errors

* Considered ruff errors

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* Update kd_node.py

* imported annotations from __future__

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---------

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@pre-commit-ci
[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (TheAlgorithms#11557)
729c1f9 
* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

updates:
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- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 2.2.1 → 2.2.3](tox-dev/pyproject-fmt@2.2.1...2.2.3)

* updating DIRECTORY.md

---------

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[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (TheAlgorithms#11568)
77bbe58 
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[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (TheAlgorithms#11579)
50cc00b 
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.6.5 → v0.6.7](astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit@v0.6.5...v0.6.7)
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 2.2.3 → 2.2.4](tox-dev/pyproject-fmt@2.2.3...2.2.4)

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@apples53 @tianyizheng02
balance parenthesis (add closing bracket) (TheAlgorithms#11563)
9b5641d 
* balance parenthesis (add closing bracket)

* Apply suggestions from code review

---------

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@Ramy-Badr-Ahmed @pre-commit-ci @cclauss
Implemented Suffix Tree Data Structure (TheAlgorithms#11554)
976e385 
* Implemented KD-Tree Data Structure

* Implemented KD-Tree Data Structure. updated DIRECTORY.md.

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Create __init__.py

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* Replaced legacy `np.random.rand` call with `np.random.Generator` in kd_tree/example_usage.py

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* added typehints and docstrings

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* docstring for search()

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Added tests. Updated docstrings/typehints

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* updated tests and used | for type annotations

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* E501 for build_kdtree.py, hypercube_points.py, nearest_neighbour_search.py

* I001 for example_usage.py and test_kdtree.py

* I001 for example_usage.py and test_kdtree.py

* Update data_structures/kd_tree/build_kdtree.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/kd_tree/example/hypercube_points.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/kd_tree/example/hypercube_points.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added new test cases requested in Review. Refactored the test_build_kdtree() to include various checks.

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Considered ruff errors

* Considered ruff errors

* Apply suggestions from code review

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* Update kd_node.py

* imported annotations from __future__

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* Implementation of the suffix tree data structure

* Adding data to DIRECTORY.md

* Minor file renaming

* minor correction

* renaming in DIRECTORY.md

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Considering ruff part-1

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Considering ruff part-2

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* Considering ruff part-3

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* Considering ruff part-4

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* Considering ruff part-5

* Implemented Suffix Tree Data Structure.
Added some comments to my files in TheAlgorithms#11532, TheAlgorithms#11554.

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Implemented Suffix Tree Data Structure.
Added some comments to my files in TheAlgorithms#11532, TheAlgorithms#11554.

---------

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Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Co-authored-by: Ramy-Badr-Ahmed <Ramy-Badr-Ahmed@users.noreply.github.com>
@cclauss
Scripts for closing pull requests for Hacktoberfest (TheAlgorithms#11587
a9ca110 
)

* Scripts for closing pull requests for Hacktoberfest

* --limit=500

* Lose 2024
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[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (TheAlgorithms#11594)
a7bfa22 
updates:
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- [github.com/abravalheri/validate-pyproject: v0.19 → v0.20.2](abravalheri/validate-pyproject@v0.19...v0.20.2)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
@cclauss
Upgrade to Python 3.13 (TheAlgorithms#11588)
0177ae1
@cclauss
Drop six from our GitHub Actions (TheAlgorithms#11621)
0abeeab 
Drop https://six.readthedocs.io
@Hardvan @pre-commit-ci
Add word ladder algorithm in backtracking (TheAlgorithms#11590)
43a47e0 
* Add word ladder algorithm in backtracking

* Improve comments and implement ruff checks

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* Change BFS to Backtracking

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Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
@Hardvan
Improve comments, add doctests in symmetric_tree.py (TheAlgorithms#11619
00e9d86 
)
@1227haran
Optimized O(n) to O(1) (TheAlgorithms#11669)
918fa8b
@alirashidAR @pre-commit-ci
Adding Doctests to floyd_warshall.py (TheAlgorithms#11690)
f4b4ac1 
* Ruff test resolution

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
@AswinPKumar01 @pre-commit-ci
Add Word Break algorithm (TheAlgorithms#11687)
080e790 
* Add Word Break algorithm

* Add Word Break algorithm

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---------

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@JeevaRamanathan
Improve comments, docstrings in next_greatest_element.py (TheAlgorith…
40f65e8 
…ms#11685)

* Improve comments in next_greatest_element.py

Signed-off-by: JeevaRamanathan <jeevaramanathan.m@infosys.com>

* few changes

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* updated descriptions of the functions parameters

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---------

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@Hardvan @pre-commit-ci
Improve comments, add doctests for kahns_algorithm_topo.py (TheAlgori…
e20b503 
…thms#11668)

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* Rename variables, remove print

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
@MSaiAswin
Removed incorrect type hints (TheAlgorithms#11711)
917ad62
@Lonercode @pre-commit-ci @tianyizheng02
Added doctests to min_cost_string_conversion.py and removed :c specif…
59ff87d 
…ier (TheAlgorithms#11721)

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@Acuspeedster @pre-commit-ci @tianyizheng02
feat: Implemented Matrix Exponentiation Method (TheAlgorithms#11747)
9a572de 
* feat: add Matrix Exponentiation method
docs: updated the header documentation and added new documentation for
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Added new algorithm to generate numbers in lexicographical order (The…
5a8655d 
…Algorithms#11674)

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feat: increase test coverage of longest_common_subsequence to 75% (Th…
50aca04 
…eAlgorithms#11777)
@ivnvxd @tianyizheng02
Update ruff usage example in CONTRIBUTING.md (TheAlgorithms#11772)
ad6395d 
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---------

Co-authored-by: Tianyi Zheng <tianyizheng02@gmail.com>
@whyvineet @pre-commit-ci
Implemented Exponential Search with binary search for improved perfor… (
fcf82a1 
TheAlgorithms#11666)

* Implemented Exponential Search with binary search for improved performance on large sorted arrays.

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pre-commit-ci bot and others added 27 commits September 29, 2025 20:30
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[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (TheAlgorithms#13006)
a71618f 
* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

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[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (TheAlgorithms#13286)
7530a41 
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@cclauss
Test on Python 3.14 (TheAlgorithms#12710)
9372040
@dependabot
Bump astral-sh/setup-uv from 6 to 7 (TheAlgorithms#13335)
f0d5949 
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- [Release notes](https://github.com/astral-sh/setup-uv/releases)
- [Commits](astral-sh/setup-uv@v6...v7)

---
updated-dependencies:
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  dependency-version: '7'
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
...

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added rotate_array.py (TheAlgorithms#13336)
788d95b 
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@cclauss
Add a README.md file to the scripts directory (TheAlgorithms#13480)
1562ae1 
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---------

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@Khansa435 @pre-commit-ci @cclauss
Add t stochastic neighbour embedding using Iris dataset (TheAlgorithm…
709c18e 
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Fix typo and function call in maths module (TheAlgorithms#13515)
e731514
@cclauss
Delete requirements.txt because dependencies are in pyproject.toml (T…
9902c23 
…heAlgorithms#13486)
@mattryanmtl
Test on 3.14 (TheAlgorithms#13473)
85e6730 
Tested on 3.14.
@Ombucha @cclauss @pre-commit-ci
Fix a few typos (TheAlgorithms#13346)
3cea941 
* Fix typo in spheres intersection print statement

* Fix typo in CONTRIBUTING.md

* Improve comments in comb_sort.py

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@GitandTonic @MaximSmolskiy
Adding missing return type to pi_estimator function (TheAlgorithms#13427
8edc478 
)

- Add -> None return type annotation to pi_estimator function
- Improves code clarity and follows Python type hinting best practices
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@HarshPathak310 @MaximSmolskiy
Update logical issue in decision_tree.py (TheAlgorithms#13303)
c79034c 
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@Tejasrahane @MaximSmolskiy
Add doctest for circular queue overflow condition (TheAlgorithms#13590)
3b08413 
* Add doctest for circular queue overflow condition

Added a doctest to test the QUEUE IS FULL exception when attempting to enqueue an element into a full circular queue. This improves test coverage for line 67 in data_structures/queues/circular_queue.py.

Fixes TheAlgorithms#9943

* Update circular_queue.py

* Update circular_queue.py

* Update circular_queue.py

* Update circular_queue.py

---------

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@joaoneto9 @pre-commit-ci @MaximSmolskiy
feat: optimizing the prune function at the apriori_algorithm.py archi…
154cd3e 
…ve (TheAlgorithms#12992)

* feat: optimizing the prune function at the apriori_algorithm.py archive

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* fix: fixing the unsorted importing statment

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* fix: fixing the key structure to a tuple that can be an hashable structure

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* Update apriori_algorithm.py

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@michaelmccamy @MaximSmolskiy
Add doctest for add_vertex in GraphAdjacencyList. Contributes to TheA…
1b0bd16 
…lgorithms#9943 (TheAlgorithms#13143)

* Add doctest for add_vertex in GraphAdjacencyList. Contributes to TheAlgorithms#9943

* Update graph_adjacency_list.py

---------

Co-authored-by: Maxim Smolskiy <mithridatus@mail.ru>
@mahiuddin-dev @MaximSmolskiy
Add test for non-integer input to factorial function (TheAlgorithms#1…
e2a78d4 
…3024)

* Add test for non-integer input to factorial function

* Update test_factorial.py

---------

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@pre-commit-ci
[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (TheAlgorithms#13860)
af17867 
* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

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- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: v2.7.0 → v2.11.0](tox-dev/pyproject-fmt@v2.7.0...v2.11.0)

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@cclauss
uv run --with=pytest-run-parallel --iterations=8 --parallel-threads=a…
ae68a78 
…uto (TheAlgorithms#13863)

https://github.com/Quansight-Labs/pytest-run-parallel
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@dependabot
Bump actions/checkout from 5 to 6 (TheAlgorithms#13937)
a051ab5 
Bumps [actions/checkout](https://github.com/actions/checkout) from 5 to 6.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/checkout/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/actions/checkout/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](actions/checkout@v5...v6)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: actions/checkout
  dependency-version: '6'
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
...

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[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (TheAlgorithms#13979)
8934bab 
updates:
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- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v1.18.2 → v1.19.0](pre-commit/mirrors-mypy@v1.18.2...v1.19.0)

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@poyea
[Searches] Fix Binary Search bug with duplicate elements (TheAlgorith…
2c15b8c 
…ms#13946)

* Fix binary search with duplicates issue TheAlgorithms#13886

* Add docstrings to binary search functions

Added docstrings for lower_bound and upper_bound functions.

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* Update searches/binary_search.py

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* Refactor docstrings for lower_bound and upper_bound

Updated docstring parameter and return type annotations for lower_bound and upper_bound functions.

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Add narcissistic number finder with dynamic programming (TheAlgorithm…
68f876a 
…s#13971)

* Add narcissistic number finder with dynamic programming

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* Update dynamic_programming/narcissistic_number.py

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* Update dynamic_programming/narcissistic_number.py

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* Update dynamic_programming/narcissistic_number.py

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@pre-commit-ci
[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (TheAlgorithms#14078)
3c88735 
* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.14.7 → v0.14.10](astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit@v0.14.7...v0.14.10)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v1.19.0 → v1.19.1](pre-commit/mirrors-mypy@v1.19.0...v1.19.1)

* updating DIRECTORY.md

---------

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@P09s @pre-commit-ci
Add sliding window maximum using monotonic deque (TheAlgorithms#14133)
ca5b8c1 
* feat: add sliding window maximum using monotonic deque

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* feat: add sliding window maximum using monotonic deque

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@Tithi234
docs: improve docstring clarity in reverse_words (TheAlgorithms#14212)
8fa4161 
Updated function name and docstring for clarity.
@ParthPawar10
Correct typo from 'two large' to 'too large' (TheAlgorithms#14135)
8106aea 
Fix typo in documentation regarding shift size.
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algorithms-keeper bot commented Jan 31, 2026

Closing this pull request as invalid

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