docs: Add comprehensive documentation to BinarySearch algorithm

[ghorpadeire]

Description

Enhanced BinarySearch.java with comprehensive documentation to make the algorithm more accessible for beginners and interview preparation.

Changes Made

• Added detailed JavaDoc with @param, @return, @throws tags
• Included step-by-step algorithm walkthrough example
• Added inline comments explaining each code section
• Documented time and space complexity analysis
• Provided concrete usage examples with expected outputs
• Explained edge cases and overflow prevention technique

Motivation

As someone preparing for technical interviews, I found the existing documentation could be more detailed for beginners. This enhancement:

• Helps newcomers understand binary search implementation
• Serves as a reference for interview preparation
• Maintains code quality with professional documentation standards

What This PR Does NOT Change

• ✅ No code logic modified
• ✅ No algorithm behavior changed
• ✅ Only documentation improvements
• ✅ All existing tests will pass

Checklist

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized it
• All filenames are in PascalCase
• All functions and variable names follow Java naming conventions
• All new algorithms have a URL in their comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanations
• All new code is formatted with clang-format -i --style=file path/to/your/file.java

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 79.11%. Comparing base (dc3d64f) to head (3b0adbf).

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##             master    #7245      +/-   ##
============================================
- Coverage     79.12%   79.11%   -0.01%     
  Complexity     6985     6985              
============================================
  Files           784      784              
  Lines         22971    22971              
  Branches       4515     4515              
============================================
- Hits          18175    18173       -2     
- Misses         4076     4077       +1     
- Partials        720      721       +1     

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[ghorpadeire]

Thank you for reviewing my PR! I see the automated checks have identified some issues. I'm new to this project and would appreciate guidance on the best way to address them. Should I install clang-format locally, or is there another approach you'd recommend?

I'm eager to learn and make the necessary fixes! 🙏

[DenizAltunkapan]

@ghorpadeire thanks for the contribution

[DenizAltunkapan]

@ghorpadeire Please format your code