[FEAT] Add general purpose Projectile Motion algorithm

[Priyanshu1303d]

This PR adds a new, general-purpose algorithm that calculates the time of flight, horizontal range, and maximum height for a projectile launched from any non-negative initial height in ProjectileMotion.java

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• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized it.
• All filenames are in PascalCase.
• All functions and variable names follow Java naming conventions.
• All new algorithms have a URL in their comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanations.
• All new code is formatted with clang-format -i --style=file path/to/your/file.java

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This returns all calculated values in a single, convenient Result object. I have run the tests locally, and all cases pass successfully.