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Roll forward student loan plan types on uprating#271

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nwoodruff-co wants to merge 3 commits intomainfrom
fix/student-loan-plan-rollforward
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Roll forward student loan plan types on uprating#271
nwoodruff-co wants to merge 3 commits intomainfrom
fix/student-loan-plan-rollforward

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Summary

  • When uprate_dataset advances a dataset to a future year, student loan plan types (Plan 1/2/5) are now re-derived from age using target_year - age + 18 against the historical cutoffs
  • Previously, plan types were frozen at their survey-year assignment — a 20-year-old in the 2023 FRS would remain Plan 2 when simulated in 2029, when they should be Plan 5
  • Plan 4 (Scotland) and Postgraduate are left unchanged as they cannot be inferred from age alone

Test plan

  • Verify that a dataset uprated from 2023 to 2029 reassigns Plan 2 holders aged ~20 to Plan 5
  • Verify that Plan 4 and Postgraduate holders are unaffected by uprating

When uprate_dataset advances a dataset to a future year, re-derive
Plan 1/2/5 assignments from age using the target year. A 20-year-old
in the 2023 FRS simulated in 2029 gets uni_start_year = 2027 → Plan 5,
rather than remaining frozen at their 2023 Plan 2 assignment.

Plan 4 (Scotland) and Postgraduate are left unchanged as they cannot
be inferred from age alone.
Data build (student_loans.py):
- Replace repayments > 0 imputation with age-cohort participation rates
- Assigns Plan 1/2 to all outstanding borrowers (incl. below threshold)
- Calibrated to ~3.5M GB Plan 1 and ~5.9M GB Plan 2 total holders (2023)
- Highest-income selection within each age group

Uprating (uprating.py):
- Plan 1: mechanistic write-off using 25-year loan term rule
  (exit if age >= 2069 - target_year), declining to zero by 2035
- Plan 2: forecast-calibrated targets from DfE student loan forecasts
  (England), scaled to GB and FRS coverage (55.9%)
- Plan 5: same DfE forecast calibration for post-2023 cohort
- All plans within ~5% of DfE targets throughout 2024-2034
DfE forecast shows Plan 2 total borrowers growing throughout the forecast
window (40-year write-off, no significant decline until ~2055). Updated
_PLAN_TARGETS to reflect gentle growth to ~7M peak then very modest decline,
rather than the incorrect steep post-2030 drop.

All three plans now within 4-5% of DfE targets 2024-2034 (well within the
10% tolerance), with Plan 2 flat/growing and Plan 5 correctly ramping up
from near-zero to ~5.7M by 2034.
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