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Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Here are graphs we generated though our A/A test:

![](/img/experiments/aa-test-results.png)

These kinds of tests make it easy to identify any unusual activity occuring in a specific Pioreactor (i.e, if it is missing an LED, temperature malfunctions, etc). In our case, though, both ran almost identically! Thus, we conclude that reliable comparisons can be drawn between these Pioreactors.
These kinds of tests make it easy to identify any unusual activity occurring in a specific Pioreactor (i.e, if it is missing an LED, temperature malfunctions, etc). In our case, though, both ran almost identically! Thus, we conclude that reliable comparisons can be drawn between these Pioreactors.

## Detailed procedure

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Expand Up @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ We used two Pioreactors and two vials containing 15 mL of YPD media. We added 1

### Results

The growth rate chart clearly demonstrates an inhibition of growth occuring in the sample containing tea:
The growth rate chart clearly demonstrates an inhibition of growth occurring in the sample containing tea:

![](/img/experiments/tea2-exp-results.png)

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Expand Up @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Conduct a simple comparison of yeast growth between a low percent and high perce

The most accessible introductory experiment you can conduct with basic supplies is comparing concentrations of media. In this particular example, we will use YPD media and grow yeast cultures, but any media/culture you have readily available will work!

YPD is a common complete media used to propagate yeast cultures, containing peptone and sugars nexcessary for yeast growth. Now consider creating two YPD media compositions: one with 1% YPD w/v, and one with 5% YPD w/v. We can easily infer that a culture grown in 5% YPD will flourish more than one grown in 1% &#151 but let's expore our hypothesis further!
YPD is a common complete media used to propagate yeast cultures, containing peptone and sugars necessary for yeast growth. Now consider creating two YPD media compositions: one with 1% YPD w/v, and one with 5% YPD w/v. We can easily infer that a culture grown in 5% YPD will flourish more than one grown in 1% &#151 but let's explore our hypothesis further!

Discuss with your students the following ideas:
* How would both cultures start off? Will one have a faster rate than another? Why?
Expand All @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ $$

Using the same logic, 5% YPD was created by adding 0.75 grams to 15 mL.

We inoculated both with 100 uL of a yeast slurry using a micropipette. If this is unavailable, a dropped will work as well!
We inoculated both with 100 uL of a yeast slurry using a micropipette. If this is unavailable, a dropper will work as well!

### Results

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Expand Up @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ $$
\text{mass} = 0.45 \text{ g}
$$
Therefore, **0.45 grams** of table salt is needed for 3% w/v of salt.
To each vial, 0g, 0.225g, 0.45g, 0.675g and 0.9g of table salt were added, repectively. They were then innoculated with one drop of rehydrated active yeast (0.500 g of dry yeast in a 15 mL YPD broth vial). The _Temperature automation_ was set on _Thermostat_ at 32.5°C.
To each vial, 0g, 0.225g, 0.45g, 0.675g and 0.9g of table salt were added, respectively. They were then inoculated with one drop of rehydrated active yeast (0.500 g of dry yeast in a 15 mL YPD broth vial). The _Temperature automation_ was set on _Thermostat_ at 32.5°C.

### Results

Expand All @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ We can summarize our results in the following table to highlight our data:
|4.5%|0.29|17 hours|
|6%|0.22|24 hours|

The highest growth was recorded in the vial at 0% salt w/v (no salt stress), at approximately **0.78 h⁻¹**. The phases of growth (lag, log phase) occured quickly and the stationary phase was reached in the smallest time frame of about **8 hours**.
The highest growth was recorded in the vial at 0% salt w/v (no salt stress), at approximately **0.78 h⁻¹**. The phases of growth (lag, log phase) occurred quickly and the stationary phase was reached in the smallest time frame of about **8 hours**.

As the salt percentage increased, the peak growth rate decreased and the time to reach the stationary phase was extended. These time increases are non-linear; between 0% and 1.5% salt, the stationary phase was reached within an increment of half an hour &#151 however 4.5% and 6% salt had a large increment of 7 hours (from 17 to 24 hours).

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8 changes: 4 additions & 4 deletions experiments/02-Secondary level education/yeast-in-ethanol.md
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Expand Up @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ slug: /yeast-in-ethanol
tags:
- Yeast
- Ethanol
- Seconday education
- Secondary education
---

import AssemblyInstructionBlock from '@site/src/components/AssemblyInstructionBlock';
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ While we have found many applications for yeast products, yeasts themselves see

We know that most yeasts can tolerate an alcohol concentration of 10-15% before dying. Now, let's choose some alcohol concentrations and explore this inhibition using our Pioreactor!

We've included two methods to calculate ethanol precentages; teachers can prepare this beforehand or allow their students to calculate it themselves.
We've included two methods to calculate ethanol percentages; teachers can prepare this beforehand or allow their students to calculate it themselves.

## Experiment

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ So the composition to create 2% ethanol media is:
* 0.66 mL distilled water (1 mL - 0.34 mL)

:::tip
If you don't have a small enough resolution on your measuring tools, you can increase the total amount of ethanol dilution. For example, instead of making 1 mL diluted ethanol, we used **3.4 mL** of 95% ethanol and **6.6 mL** of distilled water measured in a graduated cylindar to create a total 10 mL diluted ethanol. From that, we mixed well and added 1 mL into our vial.
If you don't have a small enough resolution on your measuring tools, you can increase the total amount of ethanol dilution. For example, instead of making 1 mL diluted ethanol, we used **3.4 mL** of 95% ethanol and **6.6 mL** of distilled water measured in a graduated cylinder to create a total 10 mL diluted ethanol. From that, we mixed well and added 1 mL into our vial.
:::

We repeated this for 4% and 6% ethanol concentrations.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ Plenty of yeast strains are available at your local breweries. You can do the sa
2. Prepare 1 mL of each ethanol concentration you would like to use.
* Detailed calculations are found in the example above. Aim for an end ethanol concentration between 0-10%.
3. Evenly divide the YPD stock into the vials you’d like to use (ie. 15 mL in each vial).
4. Add the mililitre of ethanol solution into the respective vial. Mix with gentle shaking.
4. Add the millilitre of ethanol solution into the respective vial. Mix with gentle shaking.
5. Inoculate the stock with a very small amount of baker's yeast using best practices to avoid other contamination. Wait for the yeast granules to dissolve, aided by gentle rocking or stirring.
* Alternatively, a yeast stock solution can be made by diluting a small amount of yeast in 15 mL of YPD stock, then 1 drop of this stock solution can be added to your vials.
6. Wipe the vials and place them in the Pioreactors.
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Expand Up @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ The following normalized OD graph resulted from our turbidostat using salted med

![](/img/experiments/turbidostat/salt_turbidostat.png)

A maximum growth rate of **0.6 h⁻¹** was reached. In contrast, when you look back at our [secondary level salt experiment](/experiments/salt-stress-on-yeast), the 4.5% w/v salt vial only reached **0.29 h⁻¹** before the stationary phase occured. This is because our previous experiment **selected** for salt tolerant yeast, but the culture reached stationary phase before any **long term adaptation** could be observed.
A maximum growth rate of **0.6 h⁻¹** was reached. In contrast, when you look back at our [secondary level salt experiment](/experiments/salt-stress-on-yeast), the 4.5% w/v salt vial only reached **0.29 h⁻¹** before the stationary phase occurred. This is because our previous experiment **selected** for salt tolerant yeast, but the culture reached stationary phase before any **long term adaptation** could be observed.

Using the turbidostat system to supply new nutrients and keep the population low, we were able to _double_ the maximum growth rate!

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Expand Up @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ The top faceplate comes with a button extension to provide easier access to push

1. Flip over the assembly.
2. Insert the 10mm screw into the hole under the button extension.
3. Place <Highlight color={colors.red}>one finger behind the extension</Highlight> and <Highlight color={colors.magenta}>apply torque with the other hand</Highlight> until the screw is secure in the hole. This may require some force. Once established, you can use a screwdriver to finish screwing it in under you feel sufficient resistance. Don't over-tighten!
3. Place <Highlight color={colors.red}>one finger behind the extension</Highlight> and <Highlight color={colors.magenta}>apply torque with the other hand</Highlight> until the screw is secure in the hole. This may require some force. Once established, you can use a screwdriver to finish screwing it in until you feel sufficient resistance. Don't over-tighten!

</AssemblyInstructionBlock>

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ The top faceplate comes with a button extension to provide easier access to push

1. Flip over the assembly.
2. Insert the 10mm screw into the hole under the button extension.
3. Place <Highlight color={colors.red}>one finger behind the extension</Highlight> and <Highlight color={colors.magenta}>apply torque with the other hand</Highlight> until the screw is secure in the hole. This may require some force. Once established, you can use a screwdriver to finish screwing it in under you feel sufficient resistance. Don't over-tighten!
3. Place <Highlight color={colors.red}>one finger behind the extension</Highlight> and <Highlight color={colors.magenta}>apply torque with the other hand</Highlight> until the screw is secure in the hole. This may require some force. Once established, you can use a screwdriver to finish screwing it in until you feel sufficient resistance. Don't over-tighten!

</AssemblyInstructionBlock>

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Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ The top faceplate comes with a button extension to provide easier access to push

1. Flip over the assembly.
2. Insert the 10mm screw into the hole under the button extension.
3. Place <Highlight color={colors.red}>one finger behind the extension</Highlight> and <Highlight color={colors.magenta}>apply torque with the other hand</Highlight> until the screw is secure in the hole. This may require some force. Once established, you can use a screwdriver to finish screwing it in under you feel sufficient resistance. Don't over-tighten!
3. Place <Highlight color={colors.red}>one finger behind the extension</Highlight> and <Highlight color={colors.magenta}>apply torque with the other hand</Highlight> until the screw is secure in the hole. This may require some force. Once established, you can use a screwdriver to finish screwing it in until you feel sufficient resistance. Don't over-tighten!

</AssemblyInstructionBlock>

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ The top faceplate comes with a button extension to provide easier access to push

1. Flip over the assembly.
2. Insert the 10mm screw into the hole under the button extension.
3. Place <Highlight color={colors.red}>one finger behind the extension</Highlight> and <Highlight color={colors.magenta}>apply torque with the other hand</Highlight> until the screw is secure in the hole. This may require some force. Once established, you can use a screwdriver to finish screwing it in under you feel sufficient resistance. Don't over-tighten!
3. Place <Highlight color={colors.red}>one finger behind the extension</Highlight> and <Highlight color={colors.magenta}>apply torque with the other hand</Highlight> until the screw is secure in the hole. This may require some force. Once established, you can use a screwdriver to finish screwing it in until you feel sufficient resistance. Don't over-tighten!

</AssemblyInstructionBlock>

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Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ The top faceplate comes with a button extension to provide easier access to push

1. Flip over the assembly.
2. Insert the 10mm screw into the hole under the button extension.
3. Place <Highlight color={colors.red}>one finger behind the extension</Highlight> and <Highlight color={colors.magenta}>apply torque with the other hand</Highlight> until the screw is secure in the hole. This may require some force. Once established, you can use a screwdriver to finish screwing it in under you feel sufficient resistance. Don't over-tighten!
3. Place <Highlight color={colors.red}>one finger behind the extension</Highlight> and <Highlight color={colors.magenta}>apply torque with the other hand</Highlight> until the screw is secure in the hole. This may require some force. Once established, you can use a screwdriver to finish screwing it in until you feel sufficient resistance. Don't over-tighten!

</AssemblyInstructionBlock>

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ The top faceplate comes with a button extension to provide easier access to push

1. Flip over the assembly.
2. Insert the 10mm screw into the hole under the button extension.
3. Place <Highlight color={colors.red}>one finger behind the extension</Highlight> and <Highlight color={colors.magenta}>apply torque with the other hand</Highlight> until the screw is secure in the hole. This may require some force. Once established, you can use a screwdriver to finish screwing it in under you feel sufficient resistance. Don't over-tighten!
3. Place <Highlight color={colors.red}>one finger behind the extension</Highlight> and <Highlight color={colors.magenta}>apply torque with the other hand</Highlight> until the screw is secure in the hole. This may require some force. Once established, you can use a screwdriver to finish screwing it in until you feel sufficient resistance. Don't over-tighten!

</AssemblyInstructionBlock>

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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions user-guide/99-common-questions.mdx
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Expand Up @@ -127,9 +127,9 @@ Stirring is performed with a micro stir bar inside the vial, controlled by a pai

Of course! The maximum length of a stir bar is 20mm. Keep the height low as to not interfere with the optics. (The provided stir bar is 3mm high). Try using other stir bar shapes / designs!

### The magnets rubs against the plastic screws above them, causing the stirring performance to be degraded / stop. How do I fix this?
### The magnets rub against the plastic screws above them, causing the stirring performance to be degraded / stop. How do I fix this?

Dis-attach the top faceplate. Under the faceplate, slightly unscrew each of the four metal screws. This will add more space between the magnets and the plastic screws.
Detach the top faceplate. Under the faceplate, slightly unscrew each of the four metal screws. This will add more space between the magnets and the plastic screws.

### How can I increase the strength of the magnetic force applied to the stirbar?

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