diff --git a/packages/orm/src/client/crud-types.ts b/packages/orm/src/client/crud-types.ts
index 230b162ff..225785e1e 100644
--- a/packages/orm/src/client/crud-types.ts
+++ b/packages/orm/src/client/crud-types.ts
@@ -968,12 +968,14 @@ export type SelectIncludeOmit<
      */
     omit?: (OmitInput<Schema, Model> & ExtResultSelectOmitFields<ExtResult, Model & string>) | null;
 } & (AllowRelation extends true
-    ? {
-          /**
-           * Specifies relations to be included in the query result. All scalar fields are included.
-           */
-          include?: IncludeInput<Schema, Model, Options, AllowCount, ExtResult> | null;
-      }
+    ? HasRelations<Schema, Model> extends true
+        ? {
+              /**
+               * Specifies relations to be included in the query result. All scalar fields are included.
+               */
+              include?: IncludeInput<Schema, Model, Options, AllowCount, ExtResult> | null;
+          }
+        : {}
     : {});
 
 export type SelectInput<
@@ -2390,6 +2392,13 @@ type HasToManyRelations<Schema extends SchemaDef, Model extends GetModels<Schema
     ? false
     : true;
 
+type HasRelations<Schema extends SchemaDef, Model extends GetModels<Schema>> = RelationFields<
+    Schema,
+    Model
+> extends never
+    ? false
+    : true;
+
 type EnumValue<Schema extends SchemaDef, Enum extends GetEnums<Schema>> = GetEnum<Schema, Enum>[keyof GetEnum<
     Schema,
     Enum
diff --git a/packages/orm/src/client/crud/dialects/lateral-join-dialect-base.ts b/packages/orm/src/client/crud/dialects/lateral-join-dialect-base.ts
index 94f29b20a..6a12e9e6b 100644
--- a/packages/orm/src/client/crud/dialects/lateral-join-dialect-base.ts
+++ b/packages/orm/src/client/crud/dialects/lateral-join-dialect-base.ts
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ export abstract class LateralJoinDialectBase<Schema extends SchemaDef> extends B
             );
         }
 
-        if (typeof payload === 'object' && payload.include && typeof payload.include === 'object') {
+        if (typeof payload === 'object' && 'include' in payload && payload.include && typeof payload.include === 'object') {
             // include relation fields
 
             Object.assign(
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ export abstract class LateralJoinDialectBase<Schema extends SchemaDef> extends B
     ) {
         let result = query;
         if (typeof payload === 'object') {
-            const selectInclude = payload.include ?? payload.select;
+            const selectInclude = ('include' in payload ? payload.include : undefined) ?? payload.select;
             if (selectInclude && typeof selectInclude === 'object') {
                 Object.entries<any>(selectInclude)
                     .filter(([, value]) => value)
diff --git a/packages/orm/src/client/crud/dialects/sqlite.ts b/packages/orm/src/client/crud/dialects/sqlite.ts
index c302cc716..1cd4a164d 100644
--- a/packages/orm/src/client/crud/dialects/sqlite.ts
+++ b/packages/orm/src/client/crud/dialects/sqlite.ts
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ export class SqliteCrudDialect<Schema extends SchemaDef> extends BaseCrudDialect
                 );
             }
 
-            if (typeof payload === 'object' && payload.include && typeof payload.include === 'object') {
+            if (typeof payload === 'object' && 'include' in payload && payload.include && typeof payload.include === 'object') {
                 // include relation fields
                 objArgs.push(
                     ...Object.entries<any>(payload.include)
diff --git a/packages/orm/src/client/executor/zenstack-query-executor.ts b/packages/orm/src/client/executor/zenstack-query-executor.ts
index 186af02c3..55070fcfb 100644
--- a/packages/orm/src/client/executor/zenstack-query-executor.ts
+++ b/packages/orm/src/client/executor/zenstack-query-executor.ts
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ import { TransactionIsolationLevel, type ClientContract } from '../contract';
 import { getCrudDialect } from '../crud/dialects';
 import type { BaseCrudDialect } from '../crud/dialects/base-dialect';
 import { createDBQueryError, createInternalError, ORMError } from '../errors';
-import type { AfterEntityMutationCallback, OnKyselyQueryCallback } from '../plugin';
+import type { AfterEntityMutationCallback, BeforeEntityMutationCallback, OnKyselyQueryCallback } from '../plugin';
 import { requireIdFields, stripAlias } from '../query-utils';
 import { QueryNameMapper } from './name-mapper';
 import { TempAliasTransformer } from './temp-alias-transformer';
@@ -355,7 +355,8 @@ export class ZenStackQueryExecutor extends DefaultQueryExecutor {
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                await onEntityMutation.beforeEntityMutation({
+                // tsc perf
+                await (onEntityMutation.beforeEntityMutation as BeforeEntityMutationCallback<SchemaDef>)({
                     model: mutationInfo.model,
                     action: mutationInfo.action,
                     queryNode,
diff --git a/tests/e2e/orm/schemas/typing/typecheck.ts b/tests/e2e/orm/schemas/typing/typecheck.ts
index f73d4927f..aba6de1ab 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/orm/schemas/typing/typecheck.ts
+++ b/tests/e2e/orm/schemas/typing/typecheck.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { ZenStackClient } from '@zenstackhq/orm';
+import { ZenStackClient, type FindManyArgs } from '@zenstackhq/orm';
 import SQLite from 'better-sqlite3';
 import { SqliteDialect } from 'kysely';
 import { Role, Status, type Identity, type IdentityProvider } from './models';
@@ -679,3 +679,28 @@ function typeDefs() {
 }
 
 main();
+
+// Type test: `include` should not be allowed for models without relations
+{
+    type NoRelationsSchema = {
+        provider: { type: 'sqlite' };
+        models: {
+            Dummy: {
+                name: 'Dummy';
+                fields: {
+                    id: { name: 'id'; type: 'Int'; id: true };
+                    name: { name: 'name'; type: 'String' };
+                };
+                idFields: ['id'];
+                uniqueFields: { id: { type: 'Int' } };
+            };
+        };
+        enums: {};
+        typeDefs: {};
+        plugins: {};
+    };
+    type DummyFindManyArgs = FindManyArgs<NoRelationsSchema, 'Dummy'>;
+    // @ts-expect-error include should not be allowed for models without relations
+    const _testIncludeNotAllowed: DummyFindManyArgs = { include: { abcdefg: true } };
+    void _testIncludeNotAllowed;
+}