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<a href="/2021/07/02/localhost/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">localhost vs 0.0.0.0 vs 127.0.0.1</a>
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<p><strong>注：本文只讨论进程监听时三个地址的区别。</strong></p>
<h4 id="通俗地讲"><a href="#通俗地讲" class="headerlink" title="通俗地讲"></a>通俗地讲</h4><ul>
<li><p><code>127.0.0.1</code>代表本机地址。比如，一个进程监听了<code>127.0.0.1:8080</code>，只有本机的其他进程才可以访问，外网或局域网的进程无法访问。</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>localhost</code>指向<code>127.0.0.1</code>，可以理解为是<code>127.0.0.1</code>的别名，定义在<code>/etc/hosts</code>(OS: *nixes)文件中。</p>
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<li><p><code>0.0.0.0</code>代表本机器的所有地址，不仅包括：<code>127.0.0.1</code>，还包括本机其他地址。比如，本机除了<code>127.0.0.1</code>，还包括两个局域网IP<code>192.168.0.8</code>,<code>10.10.0.8</code>，当某个进程监听<code>0.0.0.0:8080</code>，本机进程通过<code>127.0.0.1:8080</code>、局域网A通过<code>192.168.0.8:8080</code>、局域网B通过<code>10.10.0.8:8080</code>都可以访问该进程。</p></li></ul>
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<a href="/2021/07/02/php-namespace/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">Namespaces in PHP</a>
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<p>(具体定义和意义不再复述)</p>
<h4 id="版本"><a href="#版本" class="headerlink" title="版本"></a>版本</h4><p><code>PHP 7.2.34</code></p>
<h4 id="用法"><a href="#用法" class="headerlink" title="用法"></a>用法</h4><ol>
<li><p><code>namespace</code>用于声明一个命名空间</p>
<figure class="highlight php"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta"><?php</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 声明一个命名空间：app</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="title">app</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># print: app</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">echo</span> <span class="keyword">__NAMESPACE__</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 声明一个命名空间：app\controllers</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="title">app</span>\<span class="title">controllers</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># print: app\controllers</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">echo</span> <span class="keyword">__NAMESPACE__</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">?></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li><code>namespace</code>后路径被解析为”全局空间路径”，不能带前缀’\‘，有则报错</li>
<li>不能以’\‘结尾，有则报错</li>
<li><blockquote>
<p>The Namespace name PHP, and compound names starting with this name (like PHP\Classes) are reserved for internal language use and should not be used in the userspace code.</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>如上例一个文件可以声明多个命名空间，但通常不建议这么做</li>
<li>同一个命名空间可在多个文件中声明</li></ul></li></ol>
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<a href="/2020/08/25/conn-req/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">ngx_http_limit_conn模块和ngx_http_limit_req模块</a>
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<h3 id="http-limit-conn模块"><a href="#http-limit-conn模块" class="headerlink" title="http_limit_conn模块"></a>http_limit_conn模块</h3><p>限制每个key同一时间的连接数，比如限制每个IP地址的连接数。限制是对于所有worer进程都生效，所以配置需要放在共享内存中。<br></p>
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<a href="/2020/08/25/nginx-realip/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">ngx_http_real_ip 模块</a>
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<h4 id="场景"><a href="#场景" class="headerlink" title="场景"></a>场景</h4><p>如果客户端的HTTP请求是直连Nginx，则可以通过<code>$remote_addr</code>、 <code>$remote_port</code>获取客户端的真实IP、端口，以此进行限流、过滤等操作。但若Nginx放在CDN、SLB后面，CDN、SLB转发客户端的HTTP请求到Nginx，<code>$remote_addr</code>、 <code>$remote_port</code>返回的是CDB、SLB连接Nginx的IP、端口。</p>
<p>当请求经过CDN、SLB转发后，为了上游服务器能获取到用户的真实IP和端口，业界的标准是在转发HTTP请求时，添加指定的头部字段用于保存客户的真实IP和端口，通常是<code>X-Real-IP</code>或者<code>X-Forwarded-For</code>。比如当使用阿里云的CDN时，<code>X-Forwarded-For</code>字段就存储客户端的真实IP、端口。</p>
<p>为此Nginx提供了HTTP Real IP模块，在Nginx的<code>POST_READ</code>阶段，将<code>$remote_addr</code>、 <code>$remote_port</code>替换为HTTP请求头中指定字段内的IP、端口，进而后续再进行限流、过滤等操作<br></p>
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<h3 id="原文"><a href="#原文" class="headerlink" title="原文"></a>原文</h3><ul>
<li><a href="https://code.tutsplus.com/tutorials/pdo-vs-mysqli-which-should-you-use--net-24059" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDO vs. MySQLi: Which Should You Use?</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="译文"><a href="#译文" class="headerlink" title="译文"></a>译文</h3><p>当通过PHP访问一个数据库时，我们有两个选择MySQLi和PDO。那么在做出选择之前，有哪些知识你应该了解呢。本文将概述差异、支持的数据库、稳定性和性能问题等方面。</p>
<p>如果你经常在PHP中操作数据库，你可能想看看在Envato Market上有哪些同时支持MySQLi和PDO的可用脚本和APP。</p>
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<h4 id="报错"><a href="#报错" class="headerlink" title="报错"></a>报错</h4><ul>
<li>执行：</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">-- 示例</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> y <span class="keyword">from</span> z <span class="keyword">group</span> <span class="keyword">by</span> x;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li><p>报错：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>ERROR 1055 (42000): Expression #1 of SELECT list is not in GROUP BY clause and contains nonaggregated column ‘x.y.z’ which is not functionally dependent on columns in GROUP BY clause; this is incompatible with sql_mode=only_full_group_by</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>粗略翻译：<br><code>SELECT</code>列表里的第一个表达式(注：示例中的”x”)不在<code>GROUP BY</code>列中，而且包含了非功能性依赖于<code>GROUP BY</code>列的<strong>非汇总列</strong>‘x.y.z’，对于<code>sql_mode=only_full_group_by</code>模式是不兼容的。</p>
</li>
<li><p>问题： </p>
<ul>
<li><code>SELECT</code>列表里包含了未在<code>GROUP BY</code>语句中出现的列</li>
<li><code>SELECT</code>列表包含了<strong>非汇总列</strong>，而非汇总列又不功能性依赖于<code>GROUP BY</code>中的列</li>
<li>这两种情况与<code>sql_mode=only_full_group_by</code>不兼容</li>
</ul>
</li>
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<h3 id="场景"><a href="#场景" class="headerlink" title="场景"></a>场景</h3><p><code>.user.ini</code>文件放置于PHP项目的目录下，用于对具体项目的进行更灵活的配置。常见的文件内容如下：<br><figure class="highlight ini"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">;Limit the files that can be accessed by PHP to the specified directory-tree, including the file itself.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">open_basedir</span>=/home/test/pro:/tmp/:/proc/:/var/tmp/</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p><code>open_basedir</code>限制PHP对于指定文件的访问权限</p>
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<h3 id="1-环境"><a href="#1-环境" class="headerlink" title="1. 环境"></a>1. 环境</h3><ul>
<li>Nginx</li>
<li>PHP-FPM</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="2-背景"><a href="#2-背景" class="headerlink" title="2. 背景"></a>2. 背景</h3><p>线上环境偶尔会出现请求 504 Gateway Time-out 的情况。初步排查 timeout 和Nginx和PHP-FPM配置有关，以下为线上服务器可能相关配置以及具体数值(单位都是：秒）：</p>
<h4 id="2-1-Nginx"><a href="#2-1-Nginx" class="headerlink" title="2.1 Nginx"></a>2.1 Nginx</h4><ul>
<li>fastcgi_connect_timeout 3000;<br>Defines a timeout for establishing a connection with a FastCGI server. It should be noted that this timeout cannot usually exceed 75 seconds.</li>
<li>fastcgi_send_timeout 3000;<br>Sets a timeout for transmitting a request to the FastCGI server.</li>
<li>fastcgi_read_timeout 3000;<br>Defines a timeout for reading a response from the FastCGI server.</li></ul>
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<h3 id="Tables"><a href="#Tables" class="headerlink" title="Tables"></a>Tables</h3><p>table 是 Lua 中最重要的数据结构，数组、关联数组、集合、队列等都可以用table表示，若用 Lua 实现面向对象编程，class 也用 table 表示。<br><figure class="highlight lua"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">-- test.lua</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">-- 定义数组</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">local</span> test = {<span class="string">'a'</span>, <span class="string">'b'</span>, <span class="string">'c'</span>, <span class="string">'d'</span>}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">-- 遍历</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> k, v <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="built_in">pairs</span>(test) <span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'index: '</span> .. k .. <span class="string">' value: '</span> .. v)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">end</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">-- 按索引读取</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(test[<span class="number">1</span>])</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">-- 定义关联数组</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">local</span> test1 = {</span><br><span class="line"> abc = <span class="number">123</span>, <span class="comment">-- 注意：此处abc不用加引号</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">-- 关联数组赋值，此处 def 需要加引号</span></span><br><span class="line">test1[<span class="string">'def'</span>] = <span class="number">234</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> k, v <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="built_in">pairs</span>(test1) <span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'index: '</span> .. k .. <span class="string">' value: '</span> .. v)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">end</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(test1[<span class="string">'def'</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
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<h3 id="Birthday-problem"><a href="#Birthday-problem" class="headerlink" title="Birthday problem"></a>Birthday problem</h3><p> Birthday problem 很经典，即在一群人中，求有两个人同一天生日的概率有多大。一种错觉是，假设一年365天（什么闰年等特殊情况都不考虑），那么最少要366个人，才一定能满足有两个人同一天生日，这么看来，要满足两个人同一天生日也需要一个很大的总体人数。</p>
<p>既然是错觉，那一定不对。</p>
<p>计算相同生日的概率P(A)很麻烦，两个人一天，三个人一天。。。。那这么求起来就没头了。这个问题我们如果求P(A)的补集P(A’)，那么 P(A) = 1 - P(A’)。P(A’)即集合中没有任何两个人有相同生日的概率，每个人的生日都是唯一的。</p>
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