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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="overview.html">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1 current current-page"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Containers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="02-Multiple%20Dispatch.html">Multiple Dispatch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="03-Deep%20Learning.html">Deep Learning</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="04-CPU%20Acceleration.html">CPU Acceleration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="05-MNIST%20Classification.html">MNIST Classification</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="06-Deep%20Reinforcement%20Learning.html">Deep Reinforcement Learning</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="07-The%20Loop%20Interface.html">The Loop Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="08-Custom%20Environment.html">Custom Environment</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="10-Experiment%20Tracking.html">Experiment Tracking</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="11-RNN.html">Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)</a></li>
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<article role="main" id="furo-main-content">
<section id="Containers">
<h1>Containers<a class="headerlink" href="#Containers" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/rl-tools/documentation/binder?labpath=01-Containers.ipynb"><img alt="Binder" src="https://mybinder.org/badge_logo.svg" /></a></p>
<p>Some examples of using containers (only 2D matrices for now)</p>
<p>Since <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RLtools</span></code> is a header-only library the compiler only needs to know where its <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">include</span></code> folder is located (cloned or mounted at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/include/rl_tools</span></code> in the docker image). This is a standard location for header files and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C_INCLUDE_PATH</span></code> is set to include it in the Dockerfile.</p>
<p>Most operations in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RLtools</span></code> are generic and work on any device that supports a C++ 17 compiler (standard library support not required). But there are some device-specific functions like random number generation that are device dependent and hence might require specific implementations that are and often can only be included on that particular device (e.g. Intel CPU, CUDA GPU) hence we include the CPU implementations in this example. In this case, the CPU implementations entail a dependency on
a few standard library objects (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">size_t</span></code>, random number generation, logging, etc.). At the same time also all the basic generic functions that operate e.g. over containers are included.</p>
<div class="nbinput nblast docutils container">
<div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[1]:
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><rl_tools/operations/cpu.h></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>All objects in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RLtools</span></code> are encapsulated in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rl_tools</span></code> namespace and there is no global state (not even for logging etc.). In programs using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RLtools</span></code> we usually abbreviate the namespace <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rl_tools</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rlt</span></code> and define three shorthands for frequently used types. Firstly, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEVICE</span></code> is the selected device type, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T</span></code> is the floating point type used (usually <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code>, where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code> can e.g. be preferable for vastly better performance on accelerators). Moreover, we
define <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TI</span></code> as the index type which usually should be the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">size_t</span></code> for the device (to match the device’s hardware and provide the best performance). All algorithms and data structures in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RLtools</span></code> are agnostic to these types by using the template metaprogramming capabilities of C++. Additionally the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEVICE</span></code> type is usually used for a static, compile-time version of <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_dispatch">multiple dispatch</a> to dispatch certain functions (like e.g. a neural
network layer forward pass) to code that is optimized for a particular device. Through this design, the same higher-level algorithms can be executed on all sorts of devices from HPC clusters over workstations and laptops to smartphones, smartwatches, and microcontrollers without sacrificing performance. Through template metaprogramming e.g. all the matrix dimensions and the number of for-loop iterations are known a priori at compile time and can be used by the compiler to heavily optimize the
code through loop unrolling, inlining etc.</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">rlt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">rl_tools</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DEVICE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">devices</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">DefaultCPU</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RNG</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DEVICE</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">SPEC</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">RANDOM</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">ENGINE</span><span class="o"><></span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">float</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TI</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">typename</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">DEVICE</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">index_t</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
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</div>
<p>In the following we instantiate a device struct. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEVICE</span></code> struct can be empty and hence have no overhead but facilitate <a class="reference external" href="https://www.fluentcpp.com/2018/04/27/tag-dispatching/">tag dispatch</a>. It can also be used as a carrier for additional context that would otherwise be implemented as global state (e.g. logging through a Tensorboard logger). In the first example we will create a matrix and fill it with random numbers (from an isotropic, standard normal distribution) hence we define the
initial seed for our random number generator which is instantiated depending on the device type. This allows us to easily change the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEVICE</span></code> definition and have all downstream entities be appropriate for the particular device. Finally, we are creating a matrix. Particularly a dynamic (heap allocated) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">3x3</span></code> matrix. The static, compile-time configuration of the matrix is defined by a specification type (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rlt::matrix::Specification<ELEMENT_TYPE,</span> <span class="pre">INDEX_TYPE,</span> <span class="pre">ROWS,</span> <span class="pre">COLS></span></code>) that carries the
types and compile-time constants. Compiling these attributes into a separate specification instead of having numerous template parameters on the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rlt::MatrixDynamic</span></code> type brings the benefit that writing functions that take matrices as input becomes easier as we just have to add a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typename</span> <span class="pre">SPEC</span></code> parameter to the template. We can still constrain the usage of a function with only matrices having particular attributes through e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">static_assert</span></code> and
<a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_failure_is_not_an_error">SFINAE</a>. Moreover we can add attributes without breaking functions that are written this way.</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">DEVICE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">RNG</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rng</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">TI</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rng</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Matrix</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Specification</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TI</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">>></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Since we created a dynamic matrix (which just consists of a pointer to the beginning of a memory space) we need to allocate it which is done using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rlt::malloc</span></code>. As with all functions in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RLtools</span></code> it takes the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">device</span></code> as an input because it provides the (global) context and in this case can be helpful to e.g. align the allocated memory space to certain boundaries to allow for maximum read-write performance for a particular device.</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">malloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rlt::Matrix</span></code> defaults to a dynamic, heap-allocated matrix but we can override this behavior by defining <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DYNAMIC_ALLOCATION=false</span></code> in the specification and get a statically, stack-allocated matrix which does not require <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rlt::malloc</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rlt::free</span></code>.</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">constexpr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DYNAMIC_ALLOCATION</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">false</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Matrix</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Specification</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TI</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DYNAMIC_ALLOCATION</span><span class="o">>></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m_static</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<p>The memory space is usually not initialized hence we fill it with random numbers (from a standard normal distribution):</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rng</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
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</div>
<p>Now we can print the allocated and filled matrix:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
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-1.303106 0.641980 -0.652074
-1.767485 -0.917929 0.650856
-0.909848 -0.140926 0.780644
</pre></div></div>
</div>
<p>We can access elements using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code> commands:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
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-1.30311f
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">);</span>
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1.000000 0.641980 -0.652074
-1.767485 -0.917929 0.650856
-0.909848 -0.140926 0.780644
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get</span></code> returns a reference so we could technically also set or increment it through the reference:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">);</span>
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11.000000 0.641980 -0.652074
-1.767485 -0.917929 0.650856
-0.909848 -0.140926 0.780644
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<p>Writing through the reference is not very intuitive so we prefer <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">increment</span></code>:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">increment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">-10</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">);</span>
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1.000000 0.641980 -0.652074
-1.767485 -0.917929 0.650856
-0.909848 -0.140926 0.780644
</pre></div></div>
</div>
<section id="Tensors">
<h2>Tensors<a class="headerlink" href="#Tensors" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Matrices are a simple, 2D data structure but to allow for more complex algorithms we have since introduce a tensor type that can hold arbitrary shapes:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SHAPE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Shape</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">TI</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SPEC</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Specification</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TI</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SHAPE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DYNAMIC_ALLOCATION</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">SPEC</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Tensors support most of the operations that matrices also support:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rng</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">);</span>
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dim[0] = 0:
1.158559e+00 1.967661e+00 -4.409588e-03
2.605693e+00 5.856580e-01 -6.968178e-01
1.502693e-01 -2.589913e+00 -3.166397e-01
dim[0] = 1:
-1.897954e+00 -1.596284e-01 -9.774587e-01
-1.658815e-02 1.355126e+00 -7.086181e-01
2.525330e-01 3.930300e-01 -1.024379e+00
dim[0] = 2:
-2.215077e+00 -1.493653e-01 1.382941e+00
1.456973e+00 2.115476e+00 1.509475e+00
-9.814447e-01 -2.304837e-01 7.954761e-01
</pre></div></div>
</div>
<p>The signature of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code> operations slightly differs from the ones for matrices because tensors can have arbitrary numbers of dimensions and to take advantage of the variadic arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Args...</span></code> the indices have to be last in the operations signature:</p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">new_value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1337</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">new_value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
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5.856580e-01
1.337000e+03
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<p>Tensors can be sliced by using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">view</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">view_range</span></code></p>
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mid3x3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mid3x3</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="prompt empty docutils container">
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<div class="output_area docutils container">
<div class="highlight"><pre>
-1.897954e+00 -1.596284e-01 -9.774587e-01
-1.658815e-02 1.355126e+00 -7.086181e-01
2.525330e-01 3.930300e-01 -1.024379e+00
</pre></div></div>
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<div class="nbinput docutils container">
<div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[16]:
</pre></div>
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<div class="input_area highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first_rows</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">ViewSpec</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">{});</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"First rows: "</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first_rows</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Last rows: "</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">last_rows</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">ViewSpec</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">{});</span>
<span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">last_rows</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"First cols: "</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first_cols</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">ViewSpec</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">{});</span>
<span class="n">rlt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first_cols</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="nboutput nblast docutils container">
<div class="prompt empty docutils container">
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<div class="output_area docutils container">
<div class="highlight"><pre>
First rows:
1.158559e+00 1.967661e+00 -4.409588e-03
-1.897954e+00 -1.596284e-01 -9.774587e-01
-2.215077e+00 -1.493653e-01 1.382941e+00
Last rows:
1.502693e-01 -2.589913e+00 -3.166397e-01
2.525330e-01 3.930300e-01 -1.024379e+00
-9.814447e-01 -2.304837e-01 7.954761e-01
First cols:
1.158559e+00 2.605693e+00 1.502693e-01
-1.897954e+00 -1.658815e-02 2.525330e-01
-2.215077e+00 1.456973e+00 -9.814447e-01
</pre></div></div>
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