gh-142781: Fix type confusion in zoneinfo weak cache

Validate the types returned from _weak_cache.get() and
_weak_cache.setdefault() to prevent type confusion when a ZoneInfo
subclass provides a misbehaving cache implementation.

Author: superboy-zjc

Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo.py

@@ -1575,6 +1575,33 @@ class EvilZoneInfo(self.klass):
 class CZoneInfoCacheTest(ZoneInfoCacheTest):
     module = c_zoneinfo
 
+    def test_weak_cache_get_type_confusion(self):
+        class EvilCache:
+            def get(self, key, default=None):
+                return 1337
+
+        class EvilZoneInfo(self.klass):
+            pass
+
+        EvilZoneInfo._weak_cache = EvilCache()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            EvilZoneInfo("America/Los_Angeles")
+
+    def test_weak_cache_setdefault_type_confusion(self):
+        class EvilCache:
+            def get(self, key, default=None):
+                return default
+            def setdefault(self, key, value):
+                return 1337
+
+        class EvilZoneInfo(self.klass):
+            pass
+
+        EvilZoneInfo._weak_cache = EvilCache()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            EvilZoneInfo("America/Los_Angeles")
 
 class ZoneInfoPickleTest(TzPathUserMixin, ZoneInfoTestBase):
     module = py_zoneinfo

Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2025-12-18-00-14-16.gh-issue-142781.gcOeYF.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Fix a type confusion in zoneinfo where a malicious override of _weak_cache
+in a zoneinfo subclass can cause memory corruption and crash the
+interpreter.

Modules/_zoneinfo.c

@@ -327,6 +327,15 @@ zoneinfo_ZoneInfo_impl(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *key)
         return NULL;
     }
 
+    if (instance != Py_None && !PyObject_TypeCheck(instance, type)) {
+        const char *e = "%s._weak_cache.get() returned %s, expected %s";
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, e,
+                     type->tp_name, Py_TYPE(instance)->tp_name, type->tp_name);
+        Py_DECREF(instance);
+        Py_DECREF(weak_cache);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     if (instance == Py_None) {
         Py_DECREF(instance);
         PyObject *tmp = zoneinfo_new_instance(state, type, key);
@@ -342,6 +351,15 @@ zoneinfo_ZoneInfo_impl(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *key)
             Py_DECREF(weak_cache);
             return NULL;
         }
+
+        if (!PyObject_TypeCheck(instance, type)) {
+            const char *e = "%s._weak_cache.setdefault() returned %s, expected %s";
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, e,
+                         type->tp_name, Py_TYPE(instance)->tp_name, type->tp_name);
+            Py_DECREF(instance);
+            Py_DECREF(weak_cache);
+            return NULL;
+        }
         ((PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *)instance)->source = SOURCE_CACHE;
     }