diff --git a/src/Reflection/GenericParametersAcceptorResolver.php b/src/Reflection/GenericParametersAcceptorResolver.php
index 27d8cfc11c..7f625de439 100644
--- a/src/Reflection/GenericParametersAcceptorResolver.php
+++ b/src/Reflection/GenericParametersAcceptorResolver.php
@@ -32,11 +32,23 @@ public static function resolve(array $argTypes, ParametersAcceptor $parametersAc
 		$passedArgs = [];
 
 		$parameters = $parametersAcceptor->getParameters();
+
+		// Build a name map that handles unnamed parameters (e.g. from PHPDoc callables)
+		// by assigning unique synthetic names to avoid collisions
+		$paramNameMap = [];
+		foreach ($parameters as $idx => $param) {
+			$name = $param->getName();
+			if ($name === '' || isset($paramNameMap[$name])) {
+				$name = '__param_' . $idx;
+			}
+			$paramNameMap[$idx] = $name;
+		}
+
 		$namedArgTypes = [];
 		foreach ($argTypes as $i => $argType) {
 			if (is_int($i)) {
 				if (isset($parameters[$i])) {
-					$namedArgTypes[$parameters[$i]->getName()] = $argType;
+					$namedArgTypes[$paramNameMap[$i]] = $argType;
 					continue;
 				}
 				if (count($parameters) > 0) {
@@ -56,8 +68,11 @@ public static function resolve(array $argTypes, ParametersAcceptor $parametersAc
 			$namedArgTypes[$i] = $argType;
 		}
 
-		foreach ($parameters as $param) {
-			if (isset($namedArgTypes[$param->getName()])) {
+		foreach ($parameters as $idx => $param) {
+			$lookupName = $paramNameMap[$idx] ?? $param->getName();
+			if (isset($namedArgTypes[$lookupName])) {
+				$argType = $namedArgTypes[$lookupName];
+			} elseif (isset($namedArgTypes[$param->getName()])) {
 				$argType = $namedArgTypes[$param->getName()];
 			} elseif ($param->getDefaultValue() !== null) {
 				$argType = $param->getDefaultValue();
diff --git a/src/Type/CallableType.php b/src/Type/CallableType.php
index 9d9cfb65e4..1b39bb8093 100644
--- a/src/Type/CallableType.php
+++ b/src/Type/CallableType.php
@@ -500,9 +500,49 @@ public function inferTemplateTypes(Type $receivedType): TemplateTypeMap
 	private function inferTemplateTypesOnParametersAcceptor(ParametersAcceptor $parametersAcceptor): TemplateTypeMap
 	{
 		$parameterTypes = array_map(static fn ($parameter) => $parameter->getType(), $this->getParameters());
-		$parametersAcceptor = ParametersAcceptorSelector::selectFromTypes($parameterTypes, [$parametersAcceptor], false);
-		$args = $parametersAcceptor->getParameters();
-		$returnType = $parametersAcceptor->getReturnType();
+		$resolvedAcceptor = ParametersAcceptorSelector::selectFromTypes($parameterTypes, [$parametersAcceptor], false);
+
+		// If the inner callable had template types that couldn't be resolved
+		// (mapped to ErrorType), use the original unresolved parameters to
+		// preserve template types through composition (e.g. flip(zip(...)))
+		// If the inner callable had template types that couldn't be resolved
+		// (mapped to ErrorType), use the original unresolved parameters to
+		// preserve template types through composition (e.g. flip(zip(...)))
+		// But only when inner template names don't collide with outer ones,
+		// to avoid cross-resolution issues.
+		$useOriginal = false;
+		if ($parametersAcceptor->getTemplateTypeMap()->count() > 0) {
+			$hasUnresolved = false;
+			foreach ($resolvedAcceptor->getResolvedTemplateTypeMap()->getTypes() as $type) {
+				if ($type instanceof ErrorType) {
+					$hasUnresolved = true;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			if ($hasUnresolved) {
+				$outerTemplateNames = [];
+				foreach ($this->getParameters() as $param) {
+					foreach ($param->getType()->getReferencedTemplateTypes(TemplateTypeVariance::createInvariant()) as $ref) {
+						$outerTemplateNames[$ref->getType()->getName()] = true;
+					}
+				}
+				foreach ($this->getReturnType()->getReferencedTemplateTypes(TemplateTypeVariance::createInvariant()) as $ref) {
+					$outerTemplateNames[$ref->getType()->getName()] = true;
+				}
+				$hasCollision = false;
+				foreach ($parametersAcceptor->getTemplateTypeMap()->getTypes() as $name => $type) {
+					if (isset($outerTemplateNames[$name])) {
+						$hasCollision = true;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+				$useOriginal = !$hasCollision;
+			}
+		}
+
+		$acceptor = $useOriginal ? $parametersAcceptor : $resolvedAcceptor;
+		$args = $acceptor->getParameters();
+		$returnType = $acceptor->getReturnType();
 
 		$typeMap = TemplateTypeMap::createEmpty();
 		foreach ($this->getParameters() as $i => $param) {
diff --git a/src/Type/ClosureType.php b/src/Type/ClosureType.php
index dac3a2a07f..f40bff5002 100644
--- a/src/Type/ClosureType.php
+++ b/src/Type/ClosureType.php
@@ -596,9 +596,46 @@ public function inferTemplateTypes(Type $receivedType): TemplateTypeMap
 	private function inferTemplateTypesOnParametersAcceptor(ParametersAcceptor $parametersAcceptor): TemplateTypeMap
 	{
 		$parameterTypes = array_map(static fn ($parameter) => $parameter->getType(), $this->getParameters());
-		$parametersAcceptor = ParametersAcceptorSelector::selectFromTypes($parameterTypes, [$parametersAcceptor], false);
-		$args = $parametersAcceptor->getParameters();
-		$returnType = $parametersAcceptor->getReturnType();
+		$resolvedAcceptor = ParametersAcceptorSelector::selectFromTypes($parameterTypes, [$parametersAcceptor], false);
+
+		// If the inner callable had template types that couldn't be resolved
+		// (mapped to ErrorType), use the original unresolved parameters to
+		// preserve template types through composition (e.g. flip(zip(...)))
+		// But only when inner template names don't collide with outer ones,
+		// to avoid cross-resolution issues.
+		$useOriginal = false;
+		if ($parametersAcceptor->getTemplateTypeMap()->count() > 0) {
+			$hasUnresolved = false;
+			foreach ($resolvedAcceptor->getResolvedTemplateTypeMap()->getTypes() as $type) {
+				if ($type instanceof ErrorType) {
+					$hasUnresolved = true;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			if ($hasUnresolved) {
+				$outerTemplateNames = [];
+				foreach ($this->getParameters() as $param) {
+					foreach ($param->getType()->getReferencedTemplateTypes(TemplateTypeVariance::createInvariant()) as $ref) {
+						$outerTemplateNames[$ref->getType()->getName()] = true;
+					}
+				}
+				foreach ($this->getReturnType()->getReferencedTemplateTypes(TemplateTypeVariance::createInvariant()) as $ref) {
+					$outerTemplateNames[$ref->getType()->getName()] = true;
+				}
+				$hasCollision = false;
+				foreach ($parametersAcceptor->getTemplateTypeMap()->getTypes() as $name => $type) {
+					if (isset($outerTemplateNames[$name])) {
+						$hasCollision = true;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+				$useOriginal = !$hasCollision;
+			}
+		}
+
+		$acceptor = $useOriginal ? $parametersAcceptor : $resolvedAcceptor;
+		$args = $acceptor->getParameters();
+		$returnType = $acceptor->getReturnType();
 
 		$typeMap = TemplateTypeMap::createEmpty();
 		foreach ($this->getParameters() as $i => $param) {
diff --git a/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-12038.php b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-12038.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c521833db7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-12038.php
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+<?php // lint >= 8.1
+
+declare(strict_types = 1);
+
+namespace Bug12038;
+
+use function PHPStan\Testing\assertType;
+
+/**
+ * @template X
+ * @template Y
+ * @template Z
+ *
+ * @param callable(X, Y): Z $fn
+ * @return callable(Y, X): Z
+ */
+function flip(callable $fn): callable
+{
+	return fn ($y, $x) => $fn($x, $y);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @template A
+ * @template B
+ *
+ * @param list<A> $fa
+ * @param list<B> $fb
+ * @return list<array{A, B}>
+ */
+function zip(array $fa, array $fb): array
+{
+	$length = min(count($fa), count($fb));
+	$zipped = [];
+
+	for ($i = 0; $i < $length; $i++) {
+		$zipped[] = [$fa[$i], $fb[$i]];
+	}
+
+	return $zipped;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @template A
+ * @template B
+ * @template C
+ *
+ * @param callable(A): B $ab
+ * @param callable(B): C $bc
+ * @return callable(A): C
+ */
+function compose(callable $ab, callable $bc): callable
+{
+	return fn($a) => $bc($ab($a));
+}
+
+/**
+ * @template T
+ * @param T $a
+ * @return list<T>
+ */
+function toList(mixed $a): array
+{
+	return [$a];
+}
+
+/**
+ * @template V
+ * @param V $a
+ * @return array{boxed: V}
+ */
+function box(mixed $a): array
+{
+	return ['boxed' => $a];
+}
+
+// flip(zip(...)) should preserve template types
+$flipZip = flip(zip(...));
+assertType('callable(list<B>, list<A>): list<array{A, B}>', $flipZip);
+
+/** @var list<string> */
+$strings = [];
+/** @var list<int> */
+$ints = [];
+
+assertType('list<array{int, string}>', $flipZip($strings, $ints));
+assertType('list<array{string, int}>', $flipZip($ints, $strings));
+
+// compose(toList(...), box(...)) should properly unify template types
+$composed1 = compose(toList(...), box(...));
+assertType('callable(A): array{boxed: list<A>}', $composed1);
+
+// compose(box(...), toList(...)) should properly unify template types
+$composed2 = compose(box(...), toList(...));
+assertType('callable(A): list<array{boxed: A}>', $composed2);