From 838558fb7096bd8a36812c7a244aae282e28a8d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kodidalabhavitha <93139102+kodidalabhavitha@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 2 Dec 2025 09:28:25 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 1/2] CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Case Study: CWE-262 – Not Using Password Aging This case study examines CWE-262, where systems fail to enforce password expiration or rotation. Without password aging, credentials remain valid indefinitely, increasing risk from brute-force, credential-stuffing, and password-spraying attacks. The weakness persists in legacy and regulated environments with outdated policies. While NIST guidelines discourage frequent forced changes, indefinite validity still leaves accounts vulnerable. A real-world product example shows how lack of aging exposes systems to compromise. The case study maps to CWE-262, explains trade-offs in password policy design, and highlights why this remains a security issue. Mitigation: enforce rotation policies, adopt adaptive authentication, and monitor for stale credentials. Prevention: secure defaults, align with modern standards, and balance usability with risk reduction. References: Issue #22 License: CC-BY-4.0 --- CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md | 76 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 76 insertions(+) create mode 100644 CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md diff --git a/CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md b/CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8e36e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +## 1. Title +**Critical Remote Code Execution via Null Byte Handling in Wing FTP Server (CVE-2025-47812)** + +--- + +## 2. Introduction +In July 2025, a severe vulnerability was disclosed in **Wing FTP Server**, tracked as **CVE-2025-47812**. This flaw allowed attackers to execute arbitrary system commands remotely, leading to complete server compromise. With a CVSS score of **10.0 (Critical)**, the vulnerability quickly became a target for active exploitation in the wild. + +--- + +## 3. Software +- **Product:** Wing FTP Server +- **Versions Affected:** Prior to 7.4.4 +- **Platforms:** Cross-platform (Windows, Linux, macOS) +- **Purpose:** A secure, user-friendly FTP server supporting FTP, FTPS, HTTP, HTTPS, and SFTP protocols. + +--- + +## 4. Weakness +- **CWE-20: Improper Input Validation** +- **CWE-94: Improper Control of Code Generation (‘Code Injection’)** +The root weakness was improper handling of **null (`\0`) bytes** in web interfaces, which allowed unsafe injection of Lua code into session files. + +--- + +## 5. Vulnerability +The **user and admin web interfaces mishandled null bytes**, enabling attackers to craft malicious input that injected arbitrary Lua code into session files. Because Wing FTP Server executes Lua scripts internally, this flaw escalated into **remote code execution (RCE)** with **root/SYSTEM privileges**. + +--- + +## 6. Exploit +Attackers could exploit the vulnerability by: +- Sending crafted requests with embedded `\0` bytes. +- Injecting malicious Lua payloads into session files. +- Triggering execution of arbitrary system commands. + +Proof-of-concept exploits were quickly published on GitHub, demonstrating how even **anonymous FTP accounts** could achieve full compromise. + +--- + +## 7. Fix +- **Vendor Patch:** Wing FTP Server version **7.4.4** fixed the issue by properly sanitizing null byte input and restricting unsafe Lua code execution. +- **Mitigation Guidance:** CISA urged organizations to patch before **August 4, 2025**, due to active exploitation. + +--- + +## 8. Prevention +Systemic prevention strategies include: +- **Secure Input Validation:** Strictly reject or sanitize null bytes and other control characters. +- **Least Privilege Execution:** Avoid running services with root/SYSTEM privileges; use dedicated low-privilege accounts. +- **Disable Dangerous Features:** Restrict or sandbox embedded scripting languages (Lua) in server applications. +- **Supply Chain Monitoring:** Maintain SBOMs and automate dependency vulnerability scanning. +- **Defense-in-Depth:** Employ intrusion detection, WAFs, and runtime monitoring to catch abnormal behavior. +- **Rapid Patch Management:** Establish processes for immediate vendor patch deployment when critical CVEs are announced. + +--- + +## 9. Conclusion +CVE-2025-47812 highlights how **improper input validation** and unsafe integration of scripting languages can lead to catastrophic compromise. By adopting **secure defaults, privilege minimization, and proactive patching**, organizations can prevent similar vulnerabilities from escalating into global crises. + +--- + +## 10. References +- [NVD CVE-2025-47812](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-47812) +- [GitHub PoC Exploit](https://github.com/4m3rr0r/CVE-2025-47812-poc) +- [Qualys ThreatProtect Advisory](https://threatprotect.qualys.com/2025/07/02/wingftp-critical-remote-code-execution-vulnerability-cve-2025-47812/) +- [Tenable CVE-2025-47812](https://www.tenable.com/cve/CVE-2025-47812) +- [The Hacker News Coverage](https://thehackernews.com/2025/07/critical-wing-ftp-server-vulnerability.html) + +--- + +## 11. Contributions +- **Discovery:** Julien Ahrens (@MrTuxracer) of RCE Security. +- **Exploit Development:** Community researchers published proof-of-concept exploits on GitHub. +- **Mitigation Advocacy:** CISA added CVE-2025-47812 to its **Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog**, urging rapid patching. +- **Vendor Response:** Wing FTP Server developers released version 7.4.4 to address the flaw. From 440d18dbe8bdc8a4192c3e8976ccf3135f1aec7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kodidalabhavitha <93139102+kodidalabhavitha@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 7 Dec 2025 14:43:55 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 2/2] Update CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Case Study: CWE-262 – CVE-2025-47812 – Wing FTP Server Remote Code Execution CVE-2025-47812 affects Wing FTP Server versions prior to 7.4.4. The bug is due to incorrect processing of null bytes (\0) in session files, leading to Lua code injection for the purpose of remote code execution. In many cases where it is running as a service, privileges are root or SYSTEM; hence, exploitation leads to complete server compromise. Public proof-of-concept exploits exist, and active exploitation is reported. Mitigation: Upgrade to Wing FTP Server 7.4.4 or later, disable anonymous FTP, and monitor logs. Prevention: Enforce secure defaults, validate inputs, and reduce unnecessary scripting features. References: NVD CVE-2025-47812, Qualys Advisory, Tenable Advisory, Huntress Labs, GitHub PoC. --- CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md b/CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md index e8e36e6..2fb94a1 100644 --- a/CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md +++ b/CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -## 1. Title +## 1. Title **Critical Remote Code Execution via Null Byte Handling in Wing FTP Server (CVE-2025-47812)** ---