diff --git a/CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md b/CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2fb94a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/CVE-2025-47812-Case-Study.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +## 1. Title +**Critical Remote Code Execution via Null Byte Handling in Wing FTP Server (CVE-2025-47812)** + +--- + +## 2. Introduction +In July 2025, a severe vulnerability was disclosed in **Wing FTP Server**, tracked as **CVE-2025-47812**. This flaw allowed attackers to execute arbitrary system commands remotely, leading to complete server compromise. With a CVSS score of **10.0 (Critical)**, the vulnerability quickly became a target for active exploitation in the wild. + +--- + +## 3. Software +- **Product:** Wing FTP Server +- **Versions Affected:** Prior to 7.4.4 +- **Platforms:** Cross-platform (Windows, Linux, macOS) +- **Purpose:** A secure, user-friendly FTP server supporting FTP, FTPS, HTTP, HTTPS, and SFTP protocols. + +--- + +## 4. Weakness +- **CWE-20: Improper Input Validation** +- **CWE-94: Improper Control of Code Generation (‘Code Injection’)** +The root weakness was improper handling of **null (`\0`) bytes** in web interfaces, which allowed unsafe injection of Lua code into session files. + +--- + +## 5. Vulnerability +The **user and admin web interfaces mishandled null bytes**, enabling attackers to craft malicious input that injected arbitrary Lua code into session files. Because Wing FTP Server executes Lua scripts internally, this flaw escalated into **remote code execution (RCE)** with **root/SYSTEM privileges**. + +--- + +## 6. Exploit +Attackers could exploit the vulnerability by: +- Sending crafted requests with embedded `\0` bytes. +- Injecting malicious Lua payloads into session files. +- Triggering execution of arbitrary system commands. + +Proof-of-concept exploits were quickly published on GitHub, demonstrating how even **anonymous FTP accounts** could achieve full compromise. + +--- + +## 7. Fix +- **Vendor Patch:** Wing FTP Server version **7.4.4** fixed the issue by properly sanitizing null byte input and restricting unsafe Lua code execution. +- **Mitigation Guidance:** CISA urged organizations to patch before **August 4, 2025**, due to active exploitation. + +--- + +## 8. Prevention +Systemic prevention strategies include: +- **Secure Input Validation:** Strictly reject or sanitize null bytes and other control characters. +- **Least Privilege Execution:** Avoid running services with root/SYSTEM privileges; use dedicated low-privilege accounts. +- **Disable Dangerous Features:** Restrict or sandbox embedded scripting languages (Lua) in server applications. +- **Supply Chain Monitoring:** Maintain SBOMs and automate dependency vulnerability scanning. +- **Defense-in-Depth:** Employ intrusion detection, WAFs, and runtime monitoring to catch abnormal behavior. +- **Rapid Patch Management:** Establish processes for immediate vendor patch deployment when critical CVEs are announced. + +--- + +## 9. Conclusion +CVE-2025-47812 highlights how **improper input validation** and unsafe integration of scripting languages can lead to catastrophic compromise. By adopting **secure defaults, privilege minimization, and proactive patching**, organizations can prevent similar vulnerabilities from escalating into global crises. + +--- + +## 10. References +- [NVD CVE-2025-47812](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-47812) +- [GitHub PoC Exploit](https://github.com/4m3rr0r/CVE-2025-47812-poc) +- [Qualys ThreatProtect Advisory](https://threatprotect.qualys.com/2025/07/02/wingftp-critical-remote-code-execution-vulnerability-cve-2025-47812/) +- [Tenable CVE-2025-47812](https://www.tenable.com/cve/CVE-2025-47812) +- [The Hacker News Coverage](https://thehackernews.com/2025/07/critical-wing-ftp-server-vulnerability.html) + +--- + +## 11. Contributions +- **Discovery:** Julien Ahrens (@MrTuxracer) of RCE Security. +- **Exploit Development:** Community researchers published proof-of-concept exploits on GitHub. +- **Mitigation Advocacy:** CISA added CVE-2025-47812 to its **Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog**, urging rapid patching. +- **Vendor Response:** Wing FTP Server developers released version 7.4.4 to address the flaw.