diff --git a/docs/api/format.md b/docs/api/format.md
index b969e52..773be53 100644
--- a/docs/api/format.md
+++ b/docs/api/format.md
@@ -119,6 +119,18 @@ For available plugins, see the [`plugins`](#plugins) option in FormatterOptions.
 
 The `FormatterOptions` object allows you to customize the formatting behavior:
 
+```typescript
+interface FormatterOptions {
+  locale?: Locale;
+  timeZone?: TimeZone | string;
+  numeral?: Numeral;
+  calendar?: 'gregory' | 'buddhist';
+  hour12?: 'h11' | 'h12';
+  hour24?: 'h23' | 'h24';
+  plugins?: FormatterPlugin[];
+}
+```
+
 ### locale
 
 **Type**: `Locale`  
diff --git a/docs/api/index.md b/docs/api/index.md
index a799ad2..7332c77 100644
--- a/docs/api/index.md
+++ b/docs/api/index.md
@@ -73,88 +73,6 @@ format(new Date(), 'YYYY年M月D日(ddd) HH:mm', {
 // => 2025年8月23日(土) 23:30
 ```
 
-## Types and Interfaces
-
-### Option Types
-
-#### FormatterOptions
-
-```typescript
-interface FormatterOptions {
-  locale?: Locale;                    // Locale object for localized formatting
-  timeZone?: TimeZone | string;       // Timezone object or IANA timezone name string
-  numeral?: Numeral;                  // Numeral system for number formatting
-  calendar?: 'gregory' | 'buddhist';  // Calendar system
-  hour12?: 'h11' | 'h12';             // 12-hour format type
-  hour24?: 'h23' | 'h24';             // 24-hour format type
-}
-```
-
-#### ParserOptions
-
-```typescript
-interface ParserOptions {
-  locale?: Locale;                    // Locale object for localized parsing
-  timeZone?: TimeZone | string;       // Timezone object or IANA timezone name string
-  numeral?: Numeral;                  // Numeral system for number parsing
-  calendar?: 'gregory' | 'buddhist';  // Calendar system
-  hour12?: 'h11' | 'h12';             // 12-hour format type
-  hour24?: 'h23' | 'h24';             // 24-hour format type
-  ignoreCase?: boolean;               // Case-insensitive parsing
-}
-```
-
-## Format Tokens
-
-### Date Tokens
-
-| Token  | Meaning                    | Output Examples   |
-|--------|----------------------------|-------------------|
-| `YYYY` | 4-digit year               | 0999, 2015        |
-| `YY`   | 2-digit year               | 99, 01, 15        |
-| `Y`    | Year without zero padding  | 2, 44, 888, 2015  |
-| `MMMM` | Full month name            | January, December |
-| `MMM`  | Short month name           | Jan, Dec          |
-| `MM`   | Month                      | 01, 12            |
-| `M`    | Month without zero padding | 1, 12             |
-| `DD`   | Day                        | 02, 31            |
-| `D`    | Day without zero padding   | 2, 31             |
-
-### Time Tokens
-
-| Token | Meaning                                     | Output Examples |
-|-------|---------------------------------------------|-----------------|
-| `HH`  | Hour in 24-hour format                      | 23, 08          |
-| `H`   | Hour in 24-hour format without zero padding | 23, 8           |
-| `hh`  | Hour in 12-hour format                      | 11, 08          |
-| `h`   | Hour in 12-hour format without zero padding | 11, 8           |
-| `mm`  | Minutes                                     | 14, 07          |
-| `m`   | Minutes without zero padding                | 14, 7           |
-| `ss`  | Seconds                                     | 05, 10          |
-| `s`   | Seconds without zero padding                | 5, 10           |
-| `SSS` | 3-digit milliseconds                        | 753, 022        |
-| `SS`  | 2-digit milliseconds                        | 75, 02          |
-| `S`   | 1-digit milliseconds                        | 7, 0            |
-
-### Day of Week Tokens
-
-| Token  | Meaning             | Output Examples |
-|--------|---------------------|-----------------|
-| `dddd` | Full day name       | Friday, Sunday  |
-| `ddd`  | Short day name      | Fri, Sun        |
-| `dd`   | Very short day name | Fr, Su          |
-
-### AM/PM and Timezone Tokens
-
-| Token | Meaning                        | Output Examples |
-|-------|--------------------------------|-----------------|
-| `A`   | Uppercase AM/PM                | AM, PM          |
-| `AA`  | Uppercase AM/PM (with periods) | A.M., P.M.      |
-| `a`   | Lowercase AM/PM                | am, pm          |
-| `aa`  | Lowercase AM/PM (with periods) | a.m., p.m.      |
-| `Z`   | Timezone offset                | +0100, -0800    |
-| `ZZ`  | Timezone offset with colon     | +01:00, -08:00  |
-
 ## Supported Locales
 
 date-and-time supports 40+ locales. Import only the ones you need:
diff --git a/docs/api/isValid.md b/docs/api/isValid.md
index 6f05df7..d7be5de 100644
--- a/docs/api/isValid.md
+++ b/docs/api/isValid.md
@@ -72,6 +72,25 @@ isValid('august 23, 2025', 'MMMM D, YYYY', { ignoreCase: true });   // => true
 isValid('August 23, 2025', 'MMMM D, YYYY');                         // => true (correct case)
 ```
 
+### defaultDate Validation
+
+Use `defaultDate` to provide context for validation of partial date strings. The most practical use case is leap year-aware validation of month-day strings.
+
+```typescript
+import { isValid } from 'date-and-time';
+
+// Leap day validation — result depends on the year
+isValid('02-29', 'MM-DD', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024 } }); // => true  (2024 is a leap year)
+isValid('02-29', 'MM-DD', { defaultDate: { Y: 2023 } }); // => false (2023 is not a leap year)
+isValid('02-29', 'MM-DD');                               // => false (default year 1970 is not a leap year)
+
+// Day range validation — depends on both year and month
+isValid('29', 'D', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 2 } }); // => true  (Feb 2024 has 29 days)
+isValid('31', 'D', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 4 } }); // => false (April has 30 days)
+```
+
+**Note**: Values provided in `defaultDate` are also subject to range validation. For example, an out-of-range `H` value in `defaultDate` will cause `isValid()` to return `false`.
+
 ## Advanced Validation Patterns
 
 ### Multiple Format Validation
diff --git a/docs/api/parse.md b/docs/api/parse.md
index c6eb586..f6f0817 100644
--- a/docs/api/parse.md
+++ b/docs/api/parse.md
@@ -124,6 +124,22 @@ For available plugins, see the [`plugins`](#plugins) option in ParserOptions.
 
 ## ParserOptions
 
+The `ParserOptions` object allows you to customize the parsing behavior:
+
+```typescript
+interface ParserOptions {
+  locale?: Locale;
+  timeZone?: TimeZone | string;
+  numeral?: Numeral;
+  calendar?: 'gregory' | 'buddhist';
+  hour12?: 'h11' | 'h12';
+  hour24?: 'h23' | 'h24';
+  ignoreCase?: boolean;
+  defaultDate?: ParsedComponents;
+  plugins?: ParserPlugin[];
+}
+```
+
 ### locale
 
 **Type**: `Locale`  
@@ -220,28 +236,6 @@ parse('August 23, 2568', 'MMMM D, YYYY', { calendar: 'buddhist' });
 // => Fri Aug 23 2025 00:00:00 GMT-0700
 ```
 
-### ignoreCase
-
-**Type**: `boolean`  
-**Default**: `false`
-
-Enables case-insensitive parsing for text elements.
-
-```typescript
-import { parse } from 'date-and-time';
-
-// Case-sensitive (default)
-parse('august 23, 2025', 'MMMM D, YYYY');
-// => Invalid Date
-
-// Case-insensitive
-parse('AUGUST 23, 2025', 'MMMM D, YYYY', { ignoreCase: true });
-// => Fri Aug 23 2025 00:00:00 GMT-0700
-
-parse('fri aug 23 2025', 'ddd MMM DD YYYY', { ignoreCase: true });
-// => Fri Aug 23 2025 00:00:00 GMT-0700
-```
-
 ### hour12
 
 **Type**: `"h11" | "h12"`  
@@ -280,6 +274,72 @@ parse('24:30', 'H:mm', { hour24: 'h24' });
 // => Thu Jan 01 1970 00:30:00 GMT-0800
 ```
 
+### ignoreCase
+
+**Type**: `boolean`  
+**Default**: `false`
+
+Enables case-insensitive parsing for text elements.
+
+```typescript
+import { parse } from 'date-and-time';
+
+// Case-sensitive (default)
+parse('august 23, 2025', 'MMMM D, YYYY');
+// => Invalid Date
+
+// Case-insensitive
+parse('AUGUST 23, 2025', 'MMMM D, YYYY', { ignoreCase: true });
+// => Fri Aug 23 2025 00:00:00 GMT-0700
+
+parse('fri aug 23 2025', 'ddd MMM DD YYYY', { ignoreCase: true });
+// => Fri Aug 23 2025 00:00:00 GMT-0700
+```
+
+### defaultDate
+
+**Type**: `ParsedComponents`  
+**Default**: `{ Y: 1970, M: 1, D: 1, m: 0, s: 0, S: 0 }`
+
+Specifies default values for date/time components that are missing from the format string. This is useful when parsing partial strings such as time-only or month-day formats.
+
+```typescript
+interface ParsedComponents {
+  Y?: number;  // Year
+  M?: number;  // Month (1-12)
+  D?: number;  // Day
+  H?: number;  // Hour (24-hour)
+  A?: number;  // Meridiem (0: AM, 1: PM)
+  h?: number;  // Hour (12-hour)
+  m?: number;  // Minute
+  s?: number;  // Second
+  S?: number;  // Millisecond
+  Z?: number;  // Timezone offset in minutes (e.g., UTC+9 = -540)
+}
+```
+
+**Note**: If `defaultDate.Z` is set, it takes precedence over the `timeZone` option. `Z` is in minutes, using the same sign convention as the `Z` / `ZZ` format tokens (e.g., UTC+9 = `-540`).
+
+```typescript
+import { parse } from 'date-and-time';
+
+// Parse time-only string — fill in date from defaultDate
+parse('12:30', 'HH:mm', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 3, D: 15 } });
+// => Fri Mar 15 2024 12:30:00
+
+// Parse month-day only — fill in year from defaultDate
+parse('03-15', 'MM-DD', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024 } });
+// => Fri Mar 15 2024 00:00:00
+
+// Fill in time components for a date-only format
+parse('2024-03-15', 'YYYY-MM-DD', { defaultDate: { H: 10, m: 30, s: 45 } });
+// => Fri Mar 15 2024 10:30:45
+
+// defaultDate.Z takes precedence over timeZone option
+parse('12:30', 'HH:mm', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 3, D: 15, Z: -540 }, timeZone: 'UTC' });
+// => Fri Mar 15 2024 03:30:00 UTC  (interpreted as UTC+9; timeZone: 'UTC' is ignored)
+```
+
 ### plugins
 
 **Type**: `ParserPlugin[]`  
@@ -340,6 +400,8 @@ parse('2025', 'YYYY');
 // => Wed Jan 01 2025 00:00:00 GMT-0800
 ```
 
+To customize these defaults, use the [`defaultDate`](#defaultdate) option.
+
 ### Date Range Limitations
 
 The parsable maximum date is `December 31, 9999`, and the minimum date is `January 1, 0001`.
diff --git a/docs/api/preparse.md b/docs/api/preparse.md
index 8a3de15..8bc945d 100644
--- a/docs/api/preparse.md
+++ b/docs/api/preparse.md
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ preparse(dateString, formatString[, options])
 |----------------|----------------------------|----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
 | `dateString`   | `string`                   | Yes      | The date string to parse                                                 |
 | `formatString` | `string \| CompiledObject` | Yes      | Format pattern string or compiled object                                 |
-| `options`      | `ParserOptions`            | No       | Parsing options for customization (see [`parse()`](./parse) for details) |
+| `options`      | `ParserOptions`            | No       | Parsing options for customization (see [`parse()`](./parse#parseroptions) for details) |
 
 ### Returns
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ console.log(result);
 
 ## ParserOptions
 
-The `options` parameter accepts the same `ParserOptions` as the [`parse()`](./parse#parseroptions) function. This includes locale, timezone, numeral system, calendar, case sensitivity, and hour format settings. Refer to the parse documentation for complete details on all available options.
+The `options` parameter accepts the same `ParserOptions` as the [`parse()`](./parse#parseroptions) function. This includes locale, timezone, numeral system, calendar, case sensitivity, hour format settings, and `defaultDate`. Refer to the parse documentation for complete details on all available options.
 
 ## Use Cases
 
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 3156962..ab88374 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
 {
   "name": "date-and-time",
-  "version": "4.4.0",
+  "version": "4.5.0",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "date-and-time",
-      "version": "4.4.0",
+      "version": "4.5.0",
       "license": "MIT",
       "devDependencies": {
-        "@astrojs/starlight": "^0.38.4",
+        "@astrojs/starlight": "^0.38.5",
         "@eslint/js": "^10.0.1",
         "@rollup/plugin-alias": "^6.0.0",
         "@rollup/plugin-terser": "^1.0.0",
         "@stylistic/eslint-plugin": "^5.10.0",
         "@types/node": "^25.6.0",
         "@vitest/coverage-v8": "^4.1.5",
-        "astro": "^6.1.10",
-        "eslint": "^10.2.1",
+        "astro": "^6.2.2",
+        "eslint": "^10.3.0",
         "glob": "^13.0.6",
         "prettier": "^3.8.3",
-        "rollup": "^4.60.2",
+        "rollup": "^4.60.3",
         "rollup-plugin-dts": "^6.4.1",
         "rollup-plugin-esbuild": "^6.2.1",
         "tsx": "^4.21.0",
-        "typescript-eslint": "^8.59.1",
+        "typescript-eslint": "^8.59.2",
         "vitest": "^4.1.5"
       },
       "engines": {
@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@astrojs/compiler": {
-      "version": "3.0.1",
+      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@astrojs/compiler/-/compiler-4.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-eouss7G8ygdZqHuke033VMcVw5HTZUu+PXd/h06DGDUg/jt5btPYPqh66ENWw/mU78rBrf/oeC4oqoBwMtDMNA==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT"
     },
@@ -120,40 +122,40 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@astrojs/starlight": {
-      "version": "0.38.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@astrojs/starlight/-/starlight-0.38.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-TGFIr2aVC+gcZCPQzJOO4ZnA/yL3jRnsUDcKlVdEhxhxaOQnWr9lZ9MRScg9zU6uh3HVeZAmmjkLCdTlHdcaZA==",
+      "version": "0.38.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@astrojs/starlight/-/starlight-0.38.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-35xLSOtZDAMAilHG2zAEZoJ4AaPb+doYOvxuuRTAnmIBSOvujffOAHv3/rr6W/LJtkhBU38PjRDJ4i8QT1uGVw==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@astrojs/markdown-remark": "^7.0.0",
-        "@astrojs/mdx": "^5.0.0",
-        "@astrojs/sitemap": "^3.7.1",
+        "@astrojs/markdown-remark": "^7.1.1",
+        "@astrojs/mdx": "^5.0.4",
+        "@astrojs/sitemap": "^3.7.2",
         "@pagefind/default-ui": "^1.3.0",
         "@types/hast": "^3.0.4",
         "@types/js-yaml": "^4.0.9",
         "@types/mdast": "^4.0.4",
-        "astro-expressive-code": "^0.41.6",
+        "astro-expressive-code": "^0.42.0",
         "bcp-47": "^2.1.0",
-        "hast-util-from-html": "^2.0.1",
-        "hast-util-select": "^6.0.2",
-        "hast-util-to-string": "^3.0.0",
-        "hastscript": "^9.0.0",
+        "hast-util-from-html": "^2.0.3",
+        "hast-util-select": "^6.0.4",
+        "hast-util-to-string": "^3.0.1",
+        "hastscript": "^9.0.1",
         "i18next": "^23.11.5",
-        "js-yaml": "^4.1.0",
+        "js-yaml": "^4.1.1",
         "klona": "^2.0.6",
-        "magic-string": "^0.30.17",
-        "mdast-util-directive": "^3.0.0",
-        "mdast-util-to-markdown": "^2.1.0",
+        "magic-string": "^0.30.21",
+        "mdast-util-directive": "^3.1.0",
+        "mdast-util-to-markdown": "^2.1.2",
         "mdast-util-to-string": "^4.0.0",
         "pagefind": "^1.3.0",
-        "rehype": "^13.0.1",
-        "rehype-format": "^5.0.0",
-        "remark-directive": "^3.0.0",
+        "rehype": "^13.0.2",
+        "rehype-format": "^5.0.1",
+        "remark-directive": "^4.0.0",
         "ultrahtml": "^1.6.0",
         "unified": "^11.0.5",
-        "unist-util-visit": "^5.0.0",
-        "vfile": "^6.0.2"
+        "unist-util-visit": "^5.1.0",
+        "vfile": "^6.0.3"
       },
       "peerDependencies": {
         "astro": "^6.0.0"
@@ -286,6 +288,8 @@
     },
     "node_modules/@ctrl/tinycolor": {
       "version": "4.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ctrl/tinycolor/-/tinycolor-4.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-kzyuwOAQnXJNLS9PSyrk0CWk35nWJW/zl/6KvnTBMFK65gm7U1/Z5BqjxeapjZCIhQcM/DsrEmcbRwDyXyXK4A==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
@@ -882,7 +886,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@expressive-code/core": {
-      "version": "0.41.7",
+      "version": "0.42.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@expressive-code/core/-/core-0.42.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-MN11+9nfmaC7sYu2BZJXAXqwkBRt8t1xTSqP+Ti1NfTEskgl6xUnzDxoaiQkg0BMzpglA0pys4dpDKquP/cyIw==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
@@ -898,98 +904,34 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@expressive-code/plugin-frames": {
-      "version": "0.41.7",
+      "version": "0.42.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@expressive-code/plugin-frames/-/plugin-frames-0.42.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-XtkPm+941Uta7Y+81Acv+OA/20F1NJmJhCX6UYGKpqEIGqplNh3PTOhcURp6tcruhlzJcWcvpWy6Oigz3SrjqA==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@expressive-code/core": "^0.41.7"
+        "@expressive-code/core": "^0.42.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@expressive-code/plugin-shiki": {
-      "version": "0.41.7",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@expressive-code/core": "^0.41.7",
-        "shiki": "^3.2.2"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@expressive-code/plugin-shiki/node_modules/@shikijs/core": {
-      "version": "3.23.0",
+      "version": "0.42.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@expressive-code/plugin-shiki/-/plugin-shiki-0.42.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-PMKey/kLmewttAHQezL+Y5Fx3vVssfDi3+FJOYQQS2mXP3tQspFELtKKAfsXfmSXdToZYgwoO69HJndqfE+09g==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@shikijs/types": "3.23.0",
-        "@shikijs/vscode-textmate": "^10.0.2",
-        "@types/hast": "^3.0.4",
-        "hast-util-to-html": "^9.0.5"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@expressive-code/plugin-shiki/node_modules/@shikijs/engine-javascript": {
-      "version": "3.23.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@shikijs/types": "3.23.0",
-        "@shikijs/vscode-textmate": "^10.0.2",
-        "oniguruma-to-es": "^4.3.4"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@expressive-code/plugin-shiki/node_modules/@shikijs/engine-oniguruma": {
-      "version": "3.23.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@shikijs/types": "3.23.0",
-        "@shikijs/vscode-textmate": "^10.0.2"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@expressive-code/plugin-shiki/node_modules/@shikijs/langs": {
-      "version": "3.23.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@shikijs/types": "3.23.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@expressive-code/plugin-shiki/node_modules/@shikijs/themes": {
-      "version": "3.23.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@shikijs/types": "3.23.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@expressive-code/plugin-shiki/node_modules/@shikijs/types": {
-      "version": "3.23.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@shikijs/vscode-textmate": "^10.0.2",
-        "@types/hast": "^3.0.4"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@expressive-code/plugin-shiki/node_modules/shiki": {
-      "version": "3.23.0",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@shikijs/core": "3.23.0",
-        "@shikijs/engine-javascript": "3.23.0",
-        "@shikijs/engine-oniguruma": "3.23.0",
-        "@shikijs/langs": "3.23.0",
-        "@shikijs/themes": "3.23.0",
-        "@shikijs/types": "3.23.0",
-        "@shikijs/vscode-textmate": "^10.0.2",
-        "@types/hast": "^3.0.4"
+        "@expressive-code/core": "^0.42.0",
+        "shiki": "^4.0.2"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@expressive-code/plugin-text-markers": {
-      "version": "0.41.7",
+      "version": "0.42.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@expressive-code/plugin-text-markers/-/plugin-text-markers-0.42.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-l59lUx8fq1v5g6SpmbDjiU0+7IdfbiWnAyRmtTVSpfhyq+nZMN4UcmYyu2b9Mynhzt7Gr+O+cXyEPDNb2AVWVQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@expressive-code/core": "^0.41.7"
+        "@expressive-code/core": "^0.42.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@humanfs/core": {
@@ -1840,9 +1782,9 @@
       "license": "MIT"
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       "version": "3.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/hast-util-to-string/-/hast-util-to-string-3.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-XelQVTDWvqcl3axRfI0xSeoVKzyIFPwsAGSLIsKdJKQMXDYJS4WYrBNF/8J7RdhIcFI2BOHgAifggsvsxp/3+A==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
@@ -5215,6 +5192,13 @@
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT"
     },
+    "node_modules/jsonc-parser": {
+      "version": "3.3.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/jsonc-parser/-/jsonc-parser-3.3.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-HUgH65KyejrUFPvHFPbqOY0rsFip3Bo5wb4ngvdi1EpCYWUQDC5V+Y7mZws+DLkr4M//zQJoanu1SP+87Dv1oQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/keyv": {
       "version": "4.5.4",
       "dev": true,
@@ -5342,6 +5326,8 @@
     },
     "node_modules/mdast-util-directive": {
       "version": "3.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/mdast-util-directive/-/mdast-util-directive-3.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-I3fNFt+DHmpWCYAT7quoM6lHf9wuqtI+oCOfvILnoicNIqjh5E3dEJWiXuYME2gNe8vl1iMQwyUHa7bgFmak6Q==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
@@ -5715,7 +5701,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/micromark-extension-directive": {
-      "version": "3.0.2",
+      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/micromark-extension-directive/-/micromark-extension-directive-4.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-/C2nqVmXXmiseSSuCdItCMho7ybwwop6RrrRPk0KbOHW21JKoCldC+8rFOaundDoRBUWBnJJcxeA/Kvi34WQXg==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
@@ -6746,6 +6734,8 @@
     },
     "node_modules/postcss-nested": {
       "version": "6.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/postcss-nested/-/postcss-nested-6.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-HQbt28KulC5AJzG+cZtj9kvKB93CFCdLvog1WFLf1D+xmMvPGlBstkpTEZfK5+AN9hfJocyBFCNiqyS48bpgzQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "funding": [
         {
@@ -6770,6 +6760,8 @@
     },
     "node_modules/postcss-selector-parser": {
       "version": "6.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/postcss-selector-parser/-/postcss-selector-parser-6.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Q8qQfPiZ+THO/3ZrOrO0cJJKfpYCagtMUkXbnEfmgUjwXg6z/WBeOyS9APBBPCTSiDV+s4SwQGu8yFsiMRIudg==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
@@ -6946,11 +6938,13 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/rehype-expressive-code": {
-      "version": "0.41.7",
+      "version": "0.42.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/rehype-expressive-code/-/rehype-expressive-code-0.42.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-8rp/1YMEVVSYbtz+bFBx+uSx3vA4i4T8RwRm5Q/IWbucQnnQqQ0hDqtmKOr8tv+59Cik6cu5aH3WPo0I7csuTA==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "expressive-code": "^0.41.7"
+        "expressive-code": "^0.42.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/rehype-format": {
@@ -7023,13 +7017,15 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/remark-directive": {
-      "version": "3.0.1",
+      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/remark-directive/-/remark-directive-4.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-7sxn4RfF1o3izevPV1DheyGDD6X4c9hrGpfdUpm7uC++dqrnJxIZVkk7CoKqcLm0VUMAuOol7Mno3m6g8cfMuA==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/mdast": "^4.0.0",
         "mdast-util-directive": "^3.0.0",
-        "micromark-extension-directive": "^3.0.0",
+        "micromark-extension-directive": "^4.0.0",
         "unified": "^11.0.0"
       },
       "funding": {
@@ -7192,9 +7188,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/rollup": {
-      "version": "4.60.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/rollup/-/rollup-4.60.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-J9qZyW++QK/09NyN/zeO0dG/1GdGfyp9lV8ajHnRVLfo/uFsbji5mHnDgn/qYdUHyCkM2N+8VyspgZclfAh0eQ==",
+      "version": "4.60.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/rollup/-/rollup-4.60.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-pAQK9HalE84QSm4Po3EmWIZPd3FnjkShVkiMlz1iligWYkWQ7wHYd1PF/T7QZ5TVSD6uSTon5gBVMSM4JfBV+A==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
@@ -7208,31 +7204,31 @@
         "npm": ">=8.0.0"
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@rollup/rollup-android-arm-eabi": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-android-arm64": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-darwin-arm64": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-darwin-x64": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-freebsd-arm64": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-freebsd-x64": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-gnueabihf": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-musleabihf": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-gnu": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-musl": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-linux-loong64-gnu": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-linux-loong64-musl": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-linux-ppc64-gnu": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-linux-ppc64-musl": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-linux-riscv64-gnu": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-linux-riscv64-musl": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-linux-s390x-gnu": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-linux-x64-gnu": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-linux-x64-musl": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-openbsd-x64": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-openharmony-arm64": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-win32-arm64-msvc": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-win32-ia32-msvc": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-gnu": "4.60.2",
-        "@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-msvc": "4.60.2",
+        "@rollup/rollup-android-arm-eabi": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-android-arm64": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-darwin-arm64": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-darwin-x64": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-freebsd-arm64": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-freebsd-x64": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-gnueabihf": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-musleabihf": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-gnu": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-musl": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-linux-loong64-gnu": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-linux-loong64-musl": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-linux-ppc64-gnu": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-linux-ppc64-musl": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-linux-riscv64-gnu": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-linux-riscv64-musl": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-linux-s390x-gnu": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-linux-x64-gnu": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-linux-x64-musl": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-openbsd-x64": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-openharmony-arm64": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-win32-arm64-msvc": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-win32-ia32-msvc": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-gnu": "4.60.3",
+        "@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-msvc": "4.60.3",
         "fsevents": "~2.3.2"
       }
     },
@@ -7678,25 +7674,6 @@
         "typescript": ">=4.8.4"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/tsconfck": {
-      "version": "3.1.6",
-      "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "bin": {
-        "tsconfck": "bin/tsconfck.js"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": "^18 || >=20"
-      },
-      "peerDependencies": {
-        "typescript": "^5.0.0"
-      },
-      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
-        "typescript": {
-          "optional": true
-        }
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/tslib": {
       "version": "2.8.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tslib/-/tslib-2.8.1.tgz",
@@ -8230,16 +8207,16 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/typescript-eslint": {
-      "version": "8.59.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/typescript-eslint/-/typescript-eslint-8.59.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-xqDcFVBmlrltH64lklOVp1wYxgJr6LVdg3NamBgH2OOQDLFdTKfIZXF5PfghrnXQKXZGTQs8tr1vL7fJvq8CTQ==",
+      "version": "8.59.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/typescript-eslint/-/typescript-eslint-8.59.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-pJw051uomb3ZeCzGTpRb8RbEqB5Y4WWet8gl/GcTlU35BSx0PVdZ86/bqkQCyKKuraVQEK7r6kBHQXF+fBhkoQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "8.59.1",
-        "@typescript-eslint/parser": "8.59.1",
-        "@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree": "8.59.1",
-        "@typescript-eslint/utils": "8.59.1"
+        "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "8.59.2",
+        "@typescript-eslint/parser": "8.59.2",
+        "@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree": "8.59.2",
+        "@typescript-eslint/utils": "8.59.2"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": "^18.18.0 || ^20.9.0 || >=21.1.0"
@@ -8547,6 +8524,8 @@
     },
     "node_modules/util-deprecate": {
       "version": "1.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/util-deprecate/-/util-deprecate-1.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-EPD5q1uXyFxJpCrLnCc1nHnq3gOa6DZBocAIiI2TaSCA7VCJ1UJDMagCzIkXNsUYfD1daK//LTEQ8xiIbrHtcw==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT"
     },
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 9908481..82fd58a 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "date-and-time",
-  "version": "4.4.0",
+  "version": "4.5.0",
   "description": "The simplest, most intuitive date and time library",
   "keywords": [
     "date",
@@ -87,22 +87,22 @@
   "type": "module",
   "sideEffects": false,
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@astrojs/starlight": "^0.38.4",
+    "@astrojs/starlight": "^0.38.5",
     "@eslint/js": "^10.0.1",
     "@rollup/plugin-alias": "^6.0.0",
     "@rollup/plugin-terser": "^1.0.0",
     "@stylistic/eslint-plugin": "^5.10.0",
     "@types/node": "^25.6.0",
     "@vitest/coverage-v8": "^4.1.5",
-    "astro": "^6.1.10",
-    "eslint": "^10.2.1",
+    "astro": "^6.2.2",
+    "eslint": "^10.3.0",
     "glob": "^13.0.6",
     "prettier": "^3.8.3",
-    "rollup": "^4.60.2",
+    "rollup": "^4.60.3",
     "rollup-plugin-dts": "^6.4.1",
     "rollup-plugin-esbuild": "^6.2.1",
     "tsx": "^4.21.0",
-    "typescript-eslint": "^8.59.1",
+    "typescript-eslint": "^8.59.2",
     "vitest": "^4.1.5"
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/isValid.ts b/src/isValid.ts
index 554cec9..67481d5 100644
--- a/src/isValid.ts
+++ b/src/isValid.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,39 @@
 import { preparse } from './preparse.ts';
 import { getDaysInMonth } from './utils.ts';
 import type { CompiledObject } from './compile.ts';
-import type { ParserOptions } from './parser.ts';
+import type { ParsedComponents, ParserOptions } from './parser.ts';
 import type { PreparseResult } from './preparse.ts';
 
+/**
+ * Converts a year to the Gregorian calendar year based on the specified calendar system in the parser options.
+ * @param year - The year to convert, which may be in a non-Gregorian calendar system (e.g., Buddhist calendar)
+ * @param [options] - Optional parser options that may specify the calendar system to use for conversion
+ * @returns The corresponding Gregorian calendar year, or undefined if the input year is undefined
+ */
+export const toGregorianYear = (year: number | undefined, options?: ParserOptions) => {
+  return year === undefined ? year : year - (options?.calendar === 'buddhist' ? 543 : 0);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets the default date components to use when certain components are missing from the input string.
+ * @param [defaultDate] - An object containing default date components (year, month, day, hour, minute, second, millisecond, timezone offset)
+ * @returns An object with all date components filled in, using the provided default values or fallback defaults (e.g., year defaults to 1970)
+ */
+export const getDefaultDate = (defaultDate: ParsedComponents = {}) => {
+  return {
+    Y: defaultDate.Y ?? 1970,
+    M: defaultDate.M ?? 1,
+    D: defaultDate.D ?? 1,
+    H: defaultDate.H,
+    A: defaultDate.A,
+    h: defaultDate.h,
+    m: defaultDate.m ?? 0,
+    s: defaultDate.s ?? 0,
+    S: defaultDate.S ?? 0,
+    Z: defaultDate.Z
+  };
+};
+
 /**
  * Validates whether a preparse result object is valid.
  * @param pr - The preparse result object to validate
@@ -11,25 +41,27 @@ import type { PreparseResult } from './preparse.ts';
  * @returns True if the preparse result is valid, false otherwise
  */
 export function validatePreparseResult(pr: PreparseResult, options?: ParserOptions) {
-  const y = pr.Y === undefined ? 1970 : pr.Y - (options?.calendar === 'buddhist' ? 543 : 0);
   const [min12, max12] = options?.hour12 === 'h11' ? [0, 11] : [1, 12];
   const [min24, max24] = options?.hour24 === 'h24' ? [1, 24] : [0, 23];
   const range = (value: number | undefined, min: number, max: number) => value === undefined || value >= min && value <= max;
+  const base = getDefaultDate(options?.defaultDate);
+  const year = toGregorianYear(pr.Y, options) ?? base.Y;
+  const month = pr.M ?? base.M;
 
   return pr._index > 0
     && pr._length > 0
     && pr._index === pr._length
     && pr._match > 0
-    && range(y, 1, 9999)
-    && range(pr.M, 1, 12)
-    && range(pr.D, 1, getDaysInMonth(y, pr.M ?? 1))
-    && range(pr.H, min24, max24)
-    && range(pr.A, 0, 1)
-    && range(pr.h, min12, max12)
-    && range(pr.m, 0, 59)
-    && range(pr.s, 0, 59)
-    && range(pr.S, 0, 999)
-    && range(pr.Z, -913, 956);
+    && range(year, 1, 9999)
+    && range(month, 1, 12)
+    && range(pr.D ?? base.D, 1, getDaysInMonth(year, month))
+    && range(pr.H ?? base.H, min24, max24)
+    && range(pr.A ?? base.A, 0, 1)
+    && range(pr.h ?? base.h, min12, max12)
+    && range(pr.m ?? base.m, 0, 59)
+    && range(pr.s ?? base.s, 0, 59)
+    && range(pr.S ?? base.S, 0, 999)
+    && range(pr.Z ?? base.Z, -913, 956);
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/parse.ts b/src/parse.ts
index a07b745..844d969 100644
--- a/src/parse.ts
+++ b/src/parse.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,21 @@
-import { createTimezoneDate } from './zone.ts';
+import { createTimezoneDate, TimeZone } from './zone.ts';
 import { isUTC } from './datetime.ts';
 import { preparse } from './preparse.ts';
-import { validatePreparseResult } from './isValid.ts';
+import { toGregorianYear, getDefaultDate, validatePreparseResult } from './isValid.ts';
 import type { CompiledObject } from './compile.ts';
 import type { ParserOptions } from './parser.ts';
 
+const convert = (Y: number, M: number, D: number, H: number, m: number, s: number, S: number, timeZone?: string | TimeZone) => {
+  // If a specific time zone is provided in the options, use it to create the date.
+  if (timeZone) {
+    const naiveUTC = Date.UTC(Y, M - 1, D, H, m, s, S);
+    // If the specified time zone is UTC, create the date directly in UTC. Otherwise, create the date using the specified time zone.
+    return isUTC(timeZone) ? new Date(naiveUTC) : createTimezoneDate(naiveUTC, timeZone);
+  }
+  // If no time zone is provided, create the date in the local time zone.
+  return new Date(Y, M - 1, D, H, m, s, S);
+};
+
 /**
  * Parses a date string according to the specified format.
  * @param dateString - The date string to parse
@@ -18,23 +29,20 @@ export function parse(dateString: string, arg: string | CompiledObject, options?
   if (!validatePreparseResult(pr, options)) {
     return new Date(NaN);
   }
-  // Normalize date components (year, month, day, hour, minute, second, millisecond)
-  pr.Y = pr.Y ? pr.Y - (options?.calendar === 'buddhist' ? 543 : 0) : 1970;
-  pr.M = (pr.M ?? 1) - (pr.Y < 100 ? 1900 * 12 + 1 : 1);
-  pr.D ??= 1;
-  pr.H = ((pr.H ?? 0) % 24) || ((pr.A ?? 0) * 12 + (pr.h ?? 0) % 12);
-  pr.m ??= 0;
-  pr.s ??= 0;
-  pr.S ??= 0;
 
-  // If the preparse result contains a timezone offset (Z), use it to create the date.
-  if (isUTC(options?.timeZone) || 'Z' in pr) {
-    return new Date(Date.UTC(pr.Y, pr.M, pr.D, pr.H, pr.m + (pr.Z ?? 0), pr.s, pr.S));
-  }
-  // If a specific time zone is provided in the options, use it to create the date.
-  if (options?.timeZone) {
-    return createTimezoneDate(Date.UTC(pr.Y, pr.M, pr.D, pr.H, pr.m, pr.s, pr.S), options.timeZone);
-  }
-  // If no time zone information is available, create the date in the local time zone.
-  return new Date(pr.Y, pr.M, pr.D, pr.H, pr.m, pr.s, pr.S);
+  const base = getDefaultDate(options?.defaultDate);
+  const year = toGregorianYear(pr.Y, options) ?? base.Y;
+  // When a Z offset exists (from the parsed string or defaultDate.Z), it takes precedence over options.timeZone.
+  const offset = pr.Z ?? base.Z;
+
+  return convert(
+    year,
+    (pr.M ?? base.M) - (year < 100 ? 1900 * 12 : 0),
+    pr.D ?? base.D,
+    ((pr.H ?? base.H ?? 0) % 24) || ((pr.A ?? base.A ?? 0) * 12 + (pr.h ?? base.h ?? 0) % 12),
+    (pr.m ?? base.m) + (offset ?? 0),
+    pr.s ?? base.s,
+    pr.S ?? base.S,
+    typeof offset === 'number' ? 'UTC' : options?.timeZone
+  );
 }
diff --git a/src/parser.ts b/src/parser.ts
index 3d611ea..9016aad 100644
--- a/src/parser.ts
+++ b/src/parser.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,58 @@ import type { TimeZone } from './zone.ts';
 
 type ParserToken = 'Y' | 'M' | 'D' | 'H' | 'A' | 'h' | 'm' | 's' | 'S' | 'Z';
 
+export interface ParsedComponents {
+  /**
+   * Year component
+   */
+  Y?: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Month component (1-12)
+   */
+  M?: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Day component
+   */
+  D?: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Hour in 24-hour format
+   */
+  H?: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Meridiem indicator (0:AM / 1:PM)
+   */
+  A?: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Hour in 12-hour format
+   */
+  h?: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Minute component
+   */
+  m?: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Second component
+   */
+  s?: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Millisecond component
+   */
+  S?: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Timezone offset in minutes
+   */
+  Z?: number;
+}
+
 export interface ParserPluginOptions {
   /**
    * The hour format to use for parsing.
@@ -51,6 +103,13 @@ export interface ParserPluginOptions {
    * This is an object that provides methods to get localized month names, day names, and meridiems.
    */
   locale: Locale;
+
+  /**
+   * Default date components to use when certain components are missing from the input string.
+   * This allows the parser to fill in missing components with default values, which can be useful for parsing partial date strings.
+   * For example, if the input string only contains a month and day, the parser can use the default year from this object.
+   */
+  defaultDate: ParsedComponents;
 }
 
 export interface ParseResult {
diff --git a/src/preparse.ts b/src/preparse.ts
index 57ca2d6..e6aa77f 100644
--- a/src/preparse.ts
+++ b/src/preparse.ts
@@ -4,59 +4,9 @@ import { parser as defaultParser, validateToken } from './parser.ts';
 import en from './locales/en.ts';
 import latn from './numerals/latn.ts';
 import type { CompiledObject } from './compile.ts';
-import type { ParserOptions } from './parser.ts';
-
-export interface PreparseResult {
-  /**
-   * Year component
-   */
-  Y?: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Month component (1-12)
-   */
-  M?: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Day component
-   */
-  D?: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Hour in 24-hour format
-   */
-  H?: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Meridiem indicator (0:AM/1:PM)
-   */
-  A?: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Hour in 12-hour format
-   */
-  h?: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Minute component
-   */
-  m?: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Second component
-   */
-  s?: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Millisecond component
-   */
-  S?: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Timezone offset in minutes
-   */
-  Z?: number;
+import type { ParsedComponents, ParserOptions } from './parser.ts';
 
+export interface PreparseResult extends ParsedComponents {
   /**
    * Current parsing position
    */
@@ -95,7 +45,8 @@ export function preparse(dateString: string, arg: string | CompiledObject, optio
     timeZone: isTimeZone(options?.timeZone) || typeof options?.timeZone === 'string'
       ? options.timeZone || undefined
       : undefined,
-    locale: options?.locale ?? en
+    locale: options?.locale ?? en,
+    defaultDate: options?.defaultDate ?? {}
   };
   const pr: PreparseResult = {
     _index: 0,
diff --git a/tests/isValid.spec.ts b/tests/isValid.spec.ts
index 6fa1d04..9a98bb6 100644
--- a/tests/isValid.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/isValid.spec.ts
@@ -149,4 +149,30 @@ describe('options', () => {
     const dateString = format(new Date(-3944621033000), 'YYYY-MM-DD[T]HH:mm:ss ZZ');
     expect(isValid(dateString, 'YYYY-MM-DD[T]HH:mm:ss ZZ')).toBe(true);
   });
+
+  test('defaultDate: year for leap day validation', () => {
+    expect(isValid('02-29', 'MM-DD', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024 } })).toBe(true);
+    expect(isValid('02-29', 'MM-DD', { defaultDate: { Y: 2023 } })).toBe(false);
+    expect(isValid('02-29', 'MM-DD')).toBe(false); // defaults to 1970 (non-leap year)
+  });
+
+  test('defaultDate: month for day range validation', () => {
+    expect(isValid('29', 'D', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 2 } })).toBe(true);
+    expect(isValid('29', 'D', { defaultDate: { Y: 2023, M: 2 } })).toBe(false);
+    expect(isValid('31', 'D', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 4 } })).toBe(false); // April has 30 days
+  });
+
+  test('defaultDate: timezone offset (Z) validation', () => {
+    expect(isValid('12:00', 'HH:mm', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 1, D: 1, Z: 0 } })).toBe(true);
+    expect(isValid('12:00', 'HH:mm', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 1, D: 1, Z: -999 } })).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  test('defaultDate: H out of range', () => {
+    expect(isValid('30', 'mm', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 1, D: 1, H: 25 } })).toBe(false);
+    expect(isValid('30', 'mm', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 1, D: 1, H: 0 } })).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  test('defaultDate: H not in format with hour24: h24 (regression)', () => {
+    expect(isValid('30', 'mm', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 1, D: 1 }, hour24: 'h24' })).toBe(true);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/tests/parse.spec.ts b/tests/parse.spec.ts
index 2944e46..a34315c 100644
--- a/tests/parse.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/parse.spec.ts
@@ -558,6 +558,41 @@ describe('options', () => {
     expect(Number.isNaN(parse('2025-01-01 00:00:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss', { timeZone: dummyTimeZone }).getTime())).toBe(true);
     expect(Number.isNaN(parse('2025-01-01 00:00:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss', { timeZone: 'dummyTimeZone' }).getTime())).toBe(true);
   });
+
+  test('defaultDate: date components', () => {
+    expect(parse('12:30', 'HH:mm', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 3, D: 15 } }))
+      .toEqual(new Date(2024, 2, 15, 12, 30));
+    expect(parse('03-15', 'MM-DD', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024 } }))
+      .toEqual(new Date(2024, 2, 15));
+  });
+
+  test('defaultDate: time components', () => {
+    expect(parse('2024-03-15', 'YYYY-MM-DD', { defaultDate: { H: 10, m: 30, s: 45 } }))
+      .toEqual(new Date(2024, 2, 15, 10, 30, 45));
+  });
+
+  test('defaultDate: timezone offset (Z)', () => {
+    // Z: -540 means UTC+9 (JST): minutes become 30+(-540)=-510, so Date.UTC(2024,2,15,12,-510) = 03:30 UTC
+    expect(parse('12:30', 'HH:mm', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 3, D: 15, Z: -540 } }))
+      .toEqual(new Date(Date.UTC(2024, 2, 15, 3, 30)));
+  });
+
+  test('defaultDate: Z takes precedence over timeZone option', () => {
+    // Z: -540 (UTC+9) overrides timeZone: 'UTC'; 12:30 local → 03:30 UTC
+    expect(parse('12:30', 'HH:mm', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 3, D: 15, Z: -540 }, timeZone: 'UTC' }))
+      .toEqual(new Date(Date.UTC(2024, 2, 15, 3, 30)));
+  });
+
+  test('defaultDate: 12-hour components (h and A)', () => {
+    // base.A=1 (PM), base.h=2 → hour = 1*12 + 2 = 14 (2 PM)
+    expect(parse('30', 'mm', { defaultDate: { Y: 2024, M: 3, D: 15, h: 2, A: 1 } }))
+      .toEqual(new Date(2024, 2, 15, 14, 30));
+  });
+
+  test('defaultDate: calendar: buddhist interaction', () => {
+    expect(parse('2567-03-15', 'YYYY-MM-DD', { calendar: 'buddhist' }))
+      .toEqual(new Date(2024, 2, 15));
+  });
 });
 
 describe('timeZone Los_Angeles', () => {