diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2a0d71fa..f5a8e05e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 **Features:**
 
+- Add `enforce_hmac_key_length` configuration option [#716](https://github.com/jwt/ruby-jwt/pull/716) - ([@304](https://github.com/304))
 - Your contribution here
 
 **Fixes and enhancements:**
diff --git a/lib/jwt/configuration/decode_configuration.rb b/lib/jwt/configuration/decode_configuration.rb
index 4acfd3eb..7506ce89 100644
--- a/lib/jwt/configuration/decode_configuration.rb
+++ b/lib/jwt/configuration/decode_configuration.rb
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ class DecodeConfiguration
       #   @return [Array<String>] the list of acceptable algorithms.
       # @!attribute [rw] required_claims
       #   @return [Array<String>] the list of required claims.
+      # @!attribute [rw] enforce_hmac_key_length
+      #   @return [Boolean] whether to enforce minimum HMAC key lengths. false disables validation (default).
 
       attr_accessor :verify_expiration,
                     :verify_not_before,
@@ -34,7 +36,8 @@ class DecodeConfiguration
                     :verify_sub,
                     :leeway,
                     :algorithms,
-                    :required_claims
+                    :required_claims,
+                    :enforce_hmac_key_length
 
       # Initializes a new DecodeConfiguration instance with default settings.
       def initialize
@@ -48,6 +51,7 @@ def initialize
         @leeway = 0
         @algorithms = ['HS256']
         @required_claims = []
+        @enforce_hmac_key_length = false
       end
 
       # @api private
@@ -62,7 +66,8 @@ def to_h
           verify_sub: verify_sub,
           leeway: leeway,
           algorithms: algorithms,
-          required_claims: required_claims
+          required_claims: required_claims,
+          enforce_hmac_key_length: enforce_hmac_key_length
         }
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/jwt/jwa/hmac.rb b/lib/jwt/jwa/hmac.rb
index 86b3278c..3629a563 100644
--- a/lib/jwt/jwa/hmac.rb
+++ b/lib/jwt/jwa/hmac.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,15 @@ module JWA
     class Hmac
       include JWT::JWA::SigningAlgorithm
 
+      # Minimum key lengths for HMAC algorithms based on RFC 7518 Section 3.2.
+      # Keys must be at least the size of the hash output to ensure sufficient
+      # entropy for the algorithm's security level.
+      MIN_KEY_LENGTHS = {
+        'HS256' => 32,
+        'HS384' => 48,
+        'HS512' => 64
+      }.freeze
+
       def initialize(alg, digest)
         @alg = alg
         @digest = digest
@@ -15,6 +24,8 @@ def sign(data:, signing_key:)
         signing_key ||= ''
         raise_verify_error!('HMAC key expected to be a String') unless signing_key.is_a?(String)
 
+        validate_key_length!(signing_key)
+
         OpenSSL::HMAC.digest(digest.new, signing_key, data)
       rescue OpenSSL::HMACError => e
         raise_verify_error!('OpenSSL 3.0 does not support nil or empty hmac_secret') if signing_key == '' && e.message == 'EVP_PKEY_new_mac_key: malloc failure'
@@ -23,6 +34,11 @@ def sign(data:, signing_key:)
       end
 
       def verify(data:, signature:, verification_key:)
+        validation_key = verification_key || ''
+        raise_verify_error!('HMAC key expected to be a String') unless validation_key.is_a?(String)
+
+        validate_key_length!(validation_key)
+
         SecurityUtils.secure_compare(signature, sign(data: data, signing_key: verification_key))
       end
 
@@ -34,6 +50,15 @@ def verify(data:, signature:, verification_key:)
 
       attr_reader :digest
 
+      def validate_key_length!(key)
+        return unless JWT.configuration.decode.enforce_hmac_key_length
+
+        min_length = MIN_KEY_LENGTHS[alg]
+        return if key.bytesize >= min_length
+
+        raise_verify_error!("HMAC key must be at least #{min_length} bytes for #{alg} algorithm")
+      end
+
       # Copy of https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/v7.0.3.1/activesupport/lib/active_support/security_utils.rb
       # rubocop:disable Naming/MethodParameterName, Style/StringLiterals, Style/NumericPredicate
       module SecurityUtils
diff --git a/spec/jwt/jwa/hmac_spec.rb b/spec/jwt/jwa/hmac_spec.rb
index 20504cde..b499db16 100644
--- a/spec/jwt/jwa/hmac_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/jwt/jwa/hmac_spec.rb
@@ -108,6 +108,32 @@
         it { is_expected.to eql(response) }
       end
     end
+
+    context 'when enforce_hmac_key_length is enabled' do
+      before do
+        JWT.configuration.decode.enforce_hmac_key_length = true
+      end
+
+      after do
+        JWT.configuration.decode.enforce_hmac_key_length = false
+      end
+
+      context 'when key shorter than algorithm minimum' do
+        let(:hmac_secret) { 'short' }
+
+        it 'raises error' do
+          expect { subject }.to raise_error(JWT::DecodeError, 'HMAC key must be at least 32 bytes for HS256 algorithm')
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'when key meets minimum length' do
+        let(:hmac_secret) { 'a' * 32 }
+
+        it 'does not raise error' do
+          expect { subject }.not_to raise_error
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   describe '#verify' do
@@ -124,5 +150,42 @@
 
       it { is_expected.to be(false) }
     end
+
+    context 'when verification_key is not a String' do
+      let(:signature) { valid_signature }
+      let(:hmac_secret) { 123 }
+
+      it 'raises error' do
+        expect { subject }.to raise_error(JWT::DecodeError, 'HMAC key expected to be a String')
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when enforce_hmac_key_length is enabled' do
+      before do
+        JWT.configuration.decode.enforce_hmac_key_length = true
+      end
+
+      after do
+        JWT.configuration.decode.enforce_hmac_key_length = false
+      end
+
+      let(:signature) { valid_signature }
+
+      context 'when key shorter than algorithm minimum' do
+        let(:hmac_secret) { 'short' }
+
+        it 'raises error' do
+          expect { subject }.to raise_error(JWT::DecodeError, 'HMAC key must be at least 32 bytes for HS256 algorithm')
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'when key meets minimum length' do
+        let(:hmac_secret) { 'a' * 32 }
+
+        it 'does not raise error' do
+          expect { subject }.not_to raise_error
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 end