PythonQtConversion.cpp

/*
*
*  Copyright (C) 2010 MeVis Medical Solutions AG All Rights Reserved.
*
*  This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
*  modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
*  License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
*  version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
*  This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
*  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
*  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
*  Lesser General Public License for more details.
*
*  Further, this software is distributed without any warranty that it is
*  free of the rightful claim of any third person regarding infringement
*  or the like.  Any license provided herein, whether implied or
*  otherwise, applies only to this software file.  Patent licenses, if
*  any, provided herein do not apply to combinations of this program with
*  other software, or any other product whatsoever.
*
*  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
*  License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
*  Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
*
*  Contact information: MeVis Medical Solutions AG, Universitaetsallee 29,
*  28359 Bremen, Germany or:
*
*  http://www.mevis.de
*
*/

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/*!
// \file    PythonQtConversion.cpp
// \author  Florian Link
// \author  Last changed by $Author: florian $
// \date    2006-05
*/
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#include "PythonQtConversion.h"
#include "PythonQtVariants.h"
#include "PythonQtBoolResult.h"
#include <QDateTime>
#include <QTime>
#include <QDate>
#include <climits>
#include <limits>

#if QT_VERSION < 0x060000
#include <QStringRef>

Q_DECLARE_METATYPE(QStringRef)

int PythonQtConv::stringRefTypeId = 0;
#else
#include <QStringView>
#include <QAnyStringView>
#include <QByteArrayView>

int PythonQtConv::stringViewTypeId = 0;
int PythonQtConv::anyStringViewTypeId = 0;
int PythonQtConv::byteArrayViewTypeId = 0;
#endif

QHash<int, PythonQtConvertMetaTypeToPythonCB*> PythonQtConv::_metaTypeToPythonConverters;
QHash<int, PythonQtConvertPythonToMetaTypeCB*> PythonQtConv::_pythonToMetaTypeConverters;

PythonQtConvertPythonSequenceToQVariantListCB* PythonQtConv::_pythonSequenceToQVariantListCB = nullptr;

PyObject* PythonQtConv::GetPyBool(bool val)
{
  PyObject* r = val?Py_True:Py_False;
  Py_INCREF(r);
  return r;
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::ConvertQtValueToPython(const PythonQtMethodInfo::ParameterInfo& info, const void* data) {
  // is it an enum value?
  if (info.enumWrapper) {
    if (info.pointerCount==0) {
      return PythonQtPrivate::createEnumValueInstance(info.enumWrapper, *((unsigned int*)data));
    } else {
      // we do not support pointers to enums (who needs them?)
      Py_INCREF(Py_None);
      return Py_None;
    }
  }

  if (info.typeId == QMetaType::Void) {
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
  } else if ((info.pointerCount == 1) && (info.typeId == QMetaType::Char)) {
    // a char ptr will probably be a null terminated string, so we support that:
    char* charPtr = *((char**)data);
    if (charPtr) {
      return PyString_FromString(charPtr);
    } else {
      Py_INCREF(Py_None);
      return Py_None;
    }
  } else if ((info.typeId == PythonQtMethodInfo::Unknown || info.typeId >= QMetaType::User) &&
             info.isQList && (info.innerNamePointerCount == 1)) {
    // it is a QList<Obj*> template:
    QList<void*>* listPtr = nullptr;
    if (info.pointerCount == 1) {
      listPtr = *((QList<void*>**)data);
    } else if (info.pointerCount == 0) {
      listPtr = (QList<void*>*)data;
    }
    if (listPtr) {
      return ConvertQListOfPointerTypeToPythonList(listPtr, info);
    } else {
      return nullptr;
    }
  }

  if (info.typeId >= QMetaType::User || info.typeId == QMetaType::QByteArrayList) {
    // if a converter is registered, we use is:
    PythonQtConvertMetaTypeToPythonCB* converter = _metaTypeToPythonConverters.value(info.typeId);
    if (converter) {
      return (*converter)(info.pointerCount==0?data:*((void**)data), info.typeId);
    }
  }

  // special handling did not match, so we convert the usual way (either pointer or value version):
  if (info.pointerCount == 1) {
    // convert the pointer to a Python Object (we can handle ANY C++ object, in the worst case we just know the type and the pointer)
    return PythonQt::priv()->wrapPtr(*((void**)data), info.name);
  } else if (info.pointerCount == 0) {
    if (info.isReference && !info.isConst) {
      // if we have a non-const reference, we want to pass the direct pointer to Python.
      // NOTE: The moc does not generate non-const & as return values, but we get these when
      // we pass virtual methods to Python.
      return PythonQt::priv()->wrapPtr((void*)data, info.name);
    } else {
      // if we have a by value or const&, we copy the object and wrap it:
      if (info.typeId != PythonQtMethodInfo::Unknown) {
        // handle values that are const& or by value and have a metatype
        return convertQtValueToPythonInternal(info.typeId, data);
      } else {
        // the type does not have a typeid, we need to make a copy using the copy constructor
        PythonQtClassInfo* classInfo = PythonQt::priv()->getClassInfo(info.name);
        if (classInfo) {
          PyObject* result = classInfo->copyObject((void*)data);
          if (result) {
            return result;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  Py_INCREF(Py_None);
  return Py_None;
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::convertQtValueToPythonInternal(int type, const void* data) {
  switch (type) {
  case QMetaType::Void:
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
  case QMetaType::Char:
    return PyInt_FromLong(*((char*)data));
  case QMetaType::UChar:
    return PyInt_FromLong(*((unsigned char*)data));
  case QMetaType::Short:
    return PyInt_FromLong(*((short*)data));
  case QMetaType::UShort:
    return PyInt_FromLong(*((unsigned short*)data));
  case QMetaType::Long:
    return PyInt_FromLong(*((long*)data));
  case QMetaType::ULong:
    // does not fit into simple int of python
    return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(*((unsigned long*)data));
  case QMetaType::Bool:
    return PythonQtConv::GetPyBool(*((bool*)data));
  case QMetaType::Int:
    return PyInt_FromLong(*((int*)data));
  case QMetaType::UInt:
    // does not fit into simple int of python
    return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(*((unsigned int*)data));
  case QMetaType::QChar:
    return PyInt_FromLong(*((unsigned short*)data));
  case QMetaType::Float:
    return PyFloat_FromDouble(*((float*)data));
  case QMetaType::Double:
    return PyFloat_FromDouble(*((double*)data));
  case QMetaType::LongLong:
    return PyLong_FromLongLong(*((qint64*)data));
  case QMetaType::ULongLong:
    return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(*((quint64*)data));
      // implicit conversion from QByteArray to str has been removed:
  //case QMetaType::QByteArray: {
  //  QByteArray* v = (QByteArray*) data;
  //  return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(*v, v->size());
  //                            }
  case QMetaType::QVariantHash:
    return PythonQtConv::QVariantHashToPyObject(*((QVariantHash*)data));
  case QMetaType::QVariantMap:
    return PythonQtConv::QVariantMapToPyObject(*((QVariantMap*)data));
  case QMetaType::QVariantList:
    return PythonQtConv::QVariantListToPyObject(*((QVariantList*)data));
  case QMetaType::QString:
    return PythonQtConv::QStringToPyObject(*((QString*)data));
  case QMetaType::QStringList:
    return PythonQtConv::QStringListToPyObject(*((QStringList*)data));

  case PythonQtMethodInfo::Variant:
#if QT_VERSION >= 0x040800
  case QMetaType::QVariant:
#endif
    return PythonQtConv::QVariantToPyObject(*((QVariant*)data));
  case QMetaType::QObjectStar:
#if( QT_VERSION < QT_VERSION_CHECK(5,0,0) )
  case QMetaType::QWidgetStar:
#endif
    return PythonQt::priv()->wrapQObject(*((QObject**)data));

  default:
    if (PythonQt::priv()->isPythonQtAnyObjectPtrMetaId(type)) {
      // special case, it is a PythonQtObjectPtr or PythonQtSafeObjectPtr which contains a PyObject, take it directly:
      // in case of PythonQtSafeObjectPtr, the cast is wrong but the ptr layout is identical, so that is ok.
      PyObject* o = ((PythonQtObjectPtr*)data)->object();
      Py_INCREF(o);
      return o;
    } else {
      if (type > 0) {
        return createCopyFromMetaType(type, data);
      } else {
        std::cerr << "Unknown type that can not be converted to Python: " << type << ", in " << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << std::endl;
      }
    }
  }
  Py_INCREF(Py_None);
  return Py_None;
 }

 void* PythonQtConv::CreateQtReturnValue(const PythonQtMethodInfo::ParameterInfo& info, PythonQtArgumentFrame* frame) {
   void* ptr = nullptr;
   if (info.pointerCount>1) {
     return nullptr;
   } else if (info.pointerCount==1) {
     PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE(frame, void*, nullptr, ptr);
   } else if (info.enumWrapper) {
     // create enum return value
     PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE(frame, long, 0, ptr);
   } else {
     switch (info.typeId) {
     case QMetaType::Char:
     case QMetaType::UChar:
     case QMetaType::Short:
     case QMetaType::UShort:
     case QMetaType::Long:
     case QMetaType::ULong:
     case QMetaType::Bool:
     case QMetaType::Int:
     case QMetaType::UInt:
     case QMetaType::QChar:
     case QMetaType::Float:
     case QMetaType::Double:
     case QMetaType::LongLong:
     case QMetaType::ULongLong:
       PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE(frame, qint64, 0, ptr);
       break;
     case PythonQtMethodInfo::Variant:
       PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE(frame, 0, ptr);
       // return the ptr to the variant
       break;
     default:
       // check if we have a QList of pointers, which we can circumvent with a QList<void*>
       if (info.isQList && (info.innerNamePointerCount == 1)) {
#if QT_VERSION >= QT_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0)
         static int id = QMetaType::fromName("QList<void*>").id();
#else
         static int id = QMetaType::type("QList<void*>");
#endif
         PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_BY_ID(frame, id, ptr);
         // return the constData pointer that will be filled with the result value later on
         ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
       }

       if (!ptr && info.typeId != PythonQtMethodInfo::Unknown) {
         // everything else is stored in a QVariant, if we know the meta type...
         PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_BY_ID(frame, info.typeId, ptr);
         // return the constData pointer that will be filled with the result value later on
         ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
       }
     }
   }
   return ptr;
 }

 void* PythonQtConv::castWrapperTo(PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrapper, const QByteArray& className, bool& ok)
 {
   void* object;
   if (wrapper->classInfo()->isCPPWrapper()) {
     object = wrapper->_wrappedPtr;
   } else {
     QObject* tmp = wrapper->_obj;
     object = tmp;
   }
   if (object) {
     // if we can be upcasted to the given name, we pass the casted pointer in:
     object = wrapper->classInfo()->castTo(object, className);
     ok = object!=nullptr;
   } else {
     // if it is a NULL ptr, we need to check if it inherits, so that we might pass the NULL ptr
     ok = wrapper->classInfo()->inherits(className);
   }
   return object;
 }

void* PythonQtConv::handlePythonToQtAutoConversion(int typeId, PyObject* obj, void* alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, PythonQtArgumentFrame* frame)
{
  void* ptr = alreadyAllocatedCPPObject;
#if QT_VERSION >= QT_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0)
  static int penId    = QMetaType::fromName("QPen").id();
  static int brushId  = QMetaType::fromName("QBrush").id();
  static int cursorId = QMetaType::fromName("QCursor").id();
  static int colorId  = QMetaType::fromName("QColor").id();
#else
  static int penId    = QMetaType::type("QPen");
  static int brushId  = QMetaType::type("QBrush");
  static int cursorId = QMetaType::type("QCursor");
  static int colorId  = QMetaType::type("QColor");
#endif
  static PyObject* qtGlobalColorEnum = PythonQtClassInfo::findEnumWrapper("Qt::GlobalColor", nullptr);
  if (typeId == cursorId) {
    static PyObject* qtCursorShapeEnum = PythonQtClassInfo::findEnumWrapper("Qt::CursorShape", nullptr);
    if ((PyObject*)obj->ob_type == qtCursorShapeEnum) {
      Qt::CursorShape val = (Qt::CursorShape)PyInt_AsLong(obj);
      if (!ptr) {
        PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE(frame, QCursor(), ptr);
        ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
      }
      *((QCursor*)ptr) = QCursor(val);
      return ptr;
    }
  } else if (typeId == penId) {
    // brushes can be created from QColor and from Qt::GlobalColor (and from brushes, but that's the default)
    static PyObject* qtColorClass = PythonQt::priv()->getClassInfo("QColor")->pythonQtClassWrapper();
    if ((PyObject*)obj->ob_type == qtGlobalColorEnum) {
      Qt::GlobalColor val = (Qt::GlobalColor)PyInt_AsLong(obj);
      if (!ptr) {
        PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE(frame, QPen(), ptr);
        ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
      }
      *((QPen*)ptr) = QPen(QColor(val));
      return ptr;
    } else if ((PyObject*)obj->ob_type == qtColorClass) {
      if (!ptr) {
        PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE(frame, QPen(), ptr);
        ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
      }
      *((QPen*)ptr) = QPen(*((QColor*)((PythonQtInstanceWrapper*)obj)->_wrappedPtr));
      return ptr;
    }
  } else if (typeId == brushId) {
    // brushes can be created from QColor and from Qt::GlobalColor (and from brushes, but that's the default)
    static PyObject* qtColorClass = PythonQt::priv()->getClassInfo("QColor")->pythonQtClassWrapper();
    if ((PyObject*)obj->ob_type == qtGlobalColorEnum) {
      Qt::GlobalColor val = (Qt::GlobalColor)PyInt_AsLong(obj);
      if (!ptr) {
        PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE(frame, QBrush(), ptr);
        ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
      }
      *((QBrush*)ptr) = QBrush(QColor(val));
      return ptr;
    } else if ((PyObject*)obj->ob_type == qtColorClass) {
      if (!ptr) {
        PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE(frame, QBrush(), ptr);
        ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
      }
      *((QBrush*)ptr) = QBrush(*((QColor*)((PythonQtInstanceWrapper*)obj)->_wrappedPtr));
      return ptr;
    }
  } else if (typeId == colorId) {
    // colors can be created from Qt::GlobalColor (and from colors, but that's the default)
    if ((PyObject*)obj->ob_type == qtGlobalColorEnum) {
      Qt::GlobalColor val = (Qt::GlobalColor)PyInt_AsLong(obj);
      if (!ptr) {
        PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE(frame, QColor(), ptr);
        ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
      }
      *((QColor*)ptr) = QColor(val);
      return ptr;
    }
  }
  return nullptr;
}

void* PythonQtConv::ConvertPythonToQt(const PythonQtMethodInfo::ParameterInfo& info, PyObject* obj, bool strict, PythonQtClassInfo* /*classInfo*/, void* alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, PythonQtArgumentFrame* frame)
 {
   bool ok = false;
   void* ptr = nullptr;

   // autoconversion of QPen/QBrush/QCursor/QColor from different type
   if (info.pointerCount==0 && !strict) {
     ptr = handlePythonToQtAutoConversion(info.typeId, obj, alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame);
     if (ptr) {
       return ptr;
     }
   }
   if (info.pointerCount==1 && PythonQtBoolResult_Check(obj) && info.typeId == QMetaType::Bool) {
     PythonQtBoolResultObject* boolResul = (PythonQtBoolResultObject*)obj;
     // store the wrapped pointer in an extra pointer and let ptr point to the extra pointer
     PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject,frame, void*, &boolResul->_value, ptr);
     return ptr;
   }

   if (PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, &PythonQtInstanceWrapper_Type) &&
       info.typeId != PythonQtMethodInfo::Variant &&
#if QT_VERSION >= 0x060000
       info.typeId != byteArrayViewTypeId &&  // this case is handled later on
#endif
       !PythonQt::priv()->isPythonQtAnyObjectPtrMetaId(info.typeId)) {
     // if we have a Qt wrapper object and if we do not need a QVariant, we do the following:
     // (the Variant case is handled below in a switch)

     // a C++ wrapper (can be passed as pointer or reference)
     PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrap = (PythonQtInstanceWrapper*)obj;
     void* object = castWrapperTo(wrap, info.name, ok);
     if (ok) {
       if (info.passOwnershipToCPP) {
         // Example: QLayout::addWidget(QWidget*)
         wrap->passOwnershipToCPP();
       } else if (info.passOwnershipToPython) {
         // Example: QLayout::removeWidget(QWidget*)
         wrap->passOwnershipToPython();
       }
       if (info.pointerCount==1) {
         // store the wrapped pointer in an extra pointer and let ptr point to the extra pointer
         PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject,frame, void*, object, ptr);
       } else if (info.pointerCount==0) {
         // store the wrapped pointer directly, since we are a reference
         ptr = object;
       }
     } else {
       // not matching, maybe a PyObject*?
       if (info.name == "PyObject" && info.pointerCount==1) {
         // handle low level PyObject directly
         PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, void*, obj, ptr);
       }
     }
   } else if (info.pointerCount == 1) {
     // a pointer
     if (info.typeId == QMetaType::Char || info.typeId == QMetaType::UChar)
     {
       if (obj->ob_type == &PyBytes_Type) {
         // take direct reference to string data
         const char* data = PyBytes_AS_STRING(obj);
         PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, void*, (void*)data, ptr);
       } else {
         // convert to string
         QString str = PyObjGetString(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok) {
           QByteArray bytes;
           bytes = str.toUtf8();
           if (ok) {
             void* ptr2 = nullptr;
             PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(nullptr,frame, QVariant(bytes), ptr2);
             PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject,frame, void*, (((QByteArray*)((QVariant*)ptr2)->constData())->data()), ptr);
           }
         }
       }
     } else if (info.typeId == QMetaType::QString) {
       // TODO: this is a special case for bad Qt APIs which take a QString*, like QtGui.QFileDialog.getSaveFileName
       // In general we would need to decide to either support * args for all basic types (ignoring the fact that the
       // result value is not useable in Python), or if all these APIs need to be wrapped manually/differently, like PyQt/PySide do.
       QString str = PyObjGetString(obj, strict, ok);
       if (ok) {
         void* ptr2 = nullptr;
         PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(nullptr,frame, QVariant(str), ptr2);
         PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject,frame, void*, (void*)((QVariant*)ptr2)->constData(), ptr);
       }
     } else if (info.name == "PyObject") {
       // handle low level PyObject directly
       PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, void*, obj, ptr);
     } else if (obj == Py_None) {
       // None is treated as a NULL ptr
       PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, void*, nullptr, ptr);
     } else {
       void* foreignWrapper = PythonQt::priv()->unwrapForeignWrapper(info.name, obj);
       if (foreignWrapper) {
         PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, void*, foreignWrapper, ptr);
       } else {
         // if we are not strict, we try if we are passed a 0 integer
         if (!strict) {
           bool ok;
           int value = PyObjGetInt(obj, true, ok);
           if (ok && value==0) {
             PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, void*, nullptr, ptr);
           }
         }
       }
     }
   } else if (info.pointerCount == 0) {
     // not a pointer
     switch (info.typeId) {
     case QMetaType::Char:
       {
         int val = PyObjGetInt(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok && (val >= CHAR_MIN && val <= CHAR_MAX)) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, char, val, ptr);
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::UChar:
       {
         int val = PyObjGetInt(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok && (val >= 0 && val <= UCHAR_MAX)) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, unsigned char, val, ptr);
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::Short:
       {
         int val = PyObjGetInt(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok && (val >= SHRT_MIN && val <= SHRT_MAX)) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, short, val, ptr);
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::UShort:
       {
         int val = PyObjGetInt(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok && (val >= 0 && val <= USHRT_MAX)) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, unsigned short, val, ptr);
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::Long:
       {
         auto val = PyObjGetLongLong(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok && (val >= LONG_MIN && val <= LONG_MAX)) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, long, val, ptr);
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::ULong:
       {
         auto val = PyObjGetULongLong(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok && val <= ULONG_MAX) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, unsigned long, val, ptr);
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::Bool:
       {
         bool val = PyObjGetBool(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, bool, val, ptr);
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::Int:
       {
         qint64 val = PyObjGetLongLong(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok && (val >= INT_MIN && val <= INT_MAX)) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, int, val, ptr);
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::UInt:
       {
         auto val = PyObjGetLongLong(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok && (val >= 0 && val <= UINT_MAX)) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, unsigned int, val, ptr);
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::QChar:
       {
         int val = PyObjGetInt(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok && (val >= 0 && val <= USHRT_MAX)) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, unsigned short, val, ptr);
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::Float:
       {
         float val = (float)PyObjGetDouble(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, float, val, ptr);
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::Double:
       {
         double val = PyObjGetDouble(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, double, val, ptr);
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::LongLong:
       {
         qint64 val = PyObjGetLongLong(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, qint64, val, ptr);
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::ULongLong:
       {
         quint64 val = PyObjGetULongLong(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, quint64, val, ptr);
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::QByteArray:
       {
         QByteArray bytes = PyObjGetBytesAllowString(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject,frame, QVariant(bytes), ptr);
           ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::QString:
       {
         QString str = PyObjGetString(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, QVariant(str), ptr);
           ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
         }
       }
       break;
     case QMetaType::QStringList:
       {
         QStringList l = PyObjToStringList(obj, strict, ok);
         if (ok) {
           PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject,frame, QVariant(l), ptr);
           ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
         }
       }
       break;

     case PythonQtMethodInfo::Variant:
       {
         QVariant v = PyObjToQVariant(obj);
         // the only case where conversion can fail it None and we want to pass that to, e.g. setProperty(),
         // so we do not check v.isValid() here
         PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject,frame, v, ptr);
       }
       break;
       default:
       {
         // check for enum case
         if (info.enumWrapper) {
           unsigned int val = 0;
           ok = false;
           if ((PyObject*)obj->ob_type == info.enumWrapper) {
             // we have a exact enum type match:
             val = PyInt_AS_LONG(obj);
             ok = true;
           }
           else if (!strict) {
             // we try to get any integer, when not being strict. If we are strict, integers are not wanted because
             // we want an integer overload to be taken first!
             val = (unsigned int)PyObjGetLongLong(obj, false, ok);
           }
           if (ok) {
             PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, unsigned int, val, ptr);
             return ptr;
           }
           else {
             return nullptr;
           }
         }

         // Handle QStringView et al, which need a reference to a persistent QString
#if QT_VERSION < 0x060000
         if (info.typeId == stringRefTypeId) {
           QString str = PyObjGetString(obj, strict, ok);
           if (ok) {
             void* ptr2 = nullptr;
             PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(nullptr, frame, QVariant(str), ptr2);
             PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame,
               QVariant::fromValue(QStringRef((const QString*)((QVariant*)ptr2)->constData())), ptr);
             ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
             return ptr;
           }
           else {
             return nullptr;
           }
         }
#else
         if (info.typeId == stringViewTypeId) {
           // Handle QStringView, which needs a reference to a persistent QString
           QString str = PyObjGetString(obj, strict, ok);
           if (ok) {
             void* ptr2 = nullptr;
             PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(nullptr, frame, QVariant(str), ptr2);
             PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame,
               QVariant::fromValue(QStringView(*((const QString*)((QVariant*)ptr2)->constData()))), ptr);
             ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
             return ptr;
           }
           else {
             return nullptr;
           }
         }
         else if (info.typeId == anyStringViewTypeId) {
           // Handle QAnyStringView, which needs a reference to a persistent QString
           QString str = PyObjGetString(obj, strict, ok);
           if (ok) {
             void* ptr2 = nullptr;
             PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(nullptr, frame, QVariant(str), ptr2);
             PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame,
               QVariant::fromValue(QAnyStringView(*((const QString*)((QVariant*)ptr2)->constData()))), ptr);
             ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
             return ptr;
           }
           else {
             return nullptr;
           }
         }
         else if (info.typeId == byteArrayViewTypeId) {
           // Handle QByteArrayView, which needs a reference to a persistent QByteArray
           QByteArray ba = PyObjGetBytesAllowString(obj, strict, ok);
           if (ok) {
             void* ptr2 = nullptr;
             PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(nullptr, frame, QVariant(ba), ptr2);
             PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame,
               QVariant::fromValue(QByteArrayView(*((const QByteArray*)((QVariant*)ptr2)->constData()))), ptr);
             ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
             return ptr;
           }
           else {
             return nullptr;
           }
         }
#endif

         if (info.typeId == PythonQtMethodInfo::Unknown || info.typeId >= QMetaType::User) {
           // check for QList<AnyPtr*> case, where we will use a QList<void*> QVariant
           if (info.isQList && (info.innerNamePointerCount == 1)) {
#if QT_VERSION >= QT_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0)
             static int id = QMetaType::fromName("QList<void*>").id();
#else
             static int id = QMetaType::type("QList<void*>");
#endif
             if (!alreadyAllocatedCPPObject) {
               PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_BY_ID_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject, frame, id, ptr);
               ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
             } else {
               ptr = alreadyAllocatedCPPObject;
             }
             ok = ConvertPythonListToQListOfPointerType(obj, (QList<void*>*)ptr, info, strict);
             if (ok) {
               return ptr;
             } else {
               return nullptr;
             }
           }
         }

         // We only do this for registered type > QMetaType::User for performance reasons.
         if (info.typeId >= QMetaType::User || info.typeId == QMetaType::QByteArrayList) {
           // Maybe we have a special converter that is registered for that type:
           PythonQtConvertPythonToMetaTypeCB* converter = _pythonToMetaTypeConverters.value(info.typeId);
           if (converter) {
             if (!alreadyAllocatedCPPObject) {
               // create a new empty variant of concrete type:
               PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_BY_ID_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject,frame, info.typeId, ptr);
               ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
             } else {
               ptr = alreadyAllocatedCPPObject;
             }
             // now call the converter, passing the internal object of the variant
             ok = (*converter)(obj, ptr, info.typeId, strict);
             if (ok) {
               return ptr;
             } else {
               return nullptr;
             }
           }
         }
         // if no type id is available, conversion to a QVariant makes no sense/is not possible
         if (info.typeId != PythonQtMethodInfo::Unknown) {
           // for all other types, we use the same qvariant conversion and pass out the constData of the variant:
           QVariant v = PyObjToQVariant(obj, info.typeId);
           if (v.isValid()) {
             PythonQtArgumentFrame_ADD_VARIANT_VALUE_IF_NEEDED(alreadyAllocatedCPPObject,frame, v, ptr);
             ptr = (void*)((QVariant*)ptr)->constData();
           }
         }
       }
    }
  }
  return ptr;
}


QStringList PythonQtConv::PyObjToStringList(PyObject* val, bool strict, bool& ok) {
  QStringList v;
  ok = false;
  // if we are strict, we do not want to convert a string to a stringlist
  // (strings in python are detected to be sequences)
  if (strict &&
    (val->ob_type == &PyBytes_Type ||
    PyUnicode_Check(val))) {
    return v;
  }
  if (PySequence_Check(val)) {
    int count = PySequence_Size(val);
    if (count >= 0) {
      for (int i = 0;i<count;i++) {
        PyObject* value = PySequence_GetItem(val,i);
        v.append(PyObjGetString(value,false,ok));
        Py_XDECREF(value);
      }
      ok = true;
    }
  }
  return v;
}

QString PythonQtConv::PyObjGetRepresentation(PyObject* val)
{
  QString r;
  PyObject* str =  PyObject_Repr(val);
  if (str) {
    #ifdef PY3K
      r = PyObjGetString(str);
    #else
      r = QString(PyString_AS_STRING(str));
    #endif
    Py_DECREF(str);
  }
  return r;
}

QString PythonQtConv::PyObjGetString(PyObject* val, bool strict, bool& ok) {
  QString r;
  ok = true;
  if (val == nullptr) {
    r = "None";
  } else
#ifndef PY3K
  // in Python 3, we don't want to convert to QString, since we don't know anything about the encoding
  // in Python 2, we assume the default for str is latin-1
  if (val->ob_type == &PyBytes_Type) {
    r = QString::fromLatin1(PyBytes_AS_STRING(val));
  } else
#endif
  if (PyUnicode_Check(val)) {
#ifdef PY3K
    r = QString::fromUtf8(PyUnicode_AsUTF8(val));
#else
    PyObject *ptmp = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(val);
    if(ptmp) {
      r = QString::fromUtf8(PyString_AS_STRING(ptmp));
      Py_DECREF(ptmp);
    }
#endif
  } else if (!strict) {
    PyObject* str =  PyObject_Str(val);
    if (str) {
#ifdef PY3K
      r = QString::fromUtf8(PyUnicode_AsUTF8(str));
#else
      r = QString(PyString_AS_STRING(str));
#endif
      Py_DECREF(str);
    } else {
      ok = false;
    }
  } else {
    ok = false;
  }
  return r;
}

QByteArray PythonQtConv::PyObjGetBytes(PyObject* val, bool /*strict*/, bool& ok) {
  // TODO: support buffer objects in general
  QByteArray r;
  ok = true;
  if (PyObject_TypeCheck(val, &PythonQtInstanceWrapper_Type)) {
    // check if we already have a QByteArray wrapper here
    PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrapper = (PythonQtInstanceWrapper*)val;
    bool baOk;
    QByteArray* baPtr = (QByteArray*)castWrapperTo(wrapper, "QByteArray", baOk);
    if (baOk && baPtr) {
      return *baPtr;
    }
  }
  if (PyBytes_Check(val)) {
    r = QByteArray(PyBytes_AS_STRING(val), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(val));
  } else {
    ok = false;
  }
  return r;
}

QByteArray PythonQtConv::PyObjGetBytesAllowString(PyObject* val, bool strict, bool& ok)
{
  QByteArray bytes = PyObjGetBytes(val, strict, ok);
  if (!ok && !strict) {
    // since Qt uses QByteArray in many places for identifier strings,
    // we need to allow implicit conversion from unicode as well.
    // We allow that for both Python 2.x and 3.x to be compatible.
    bytes = PyObjGetString(val, true, ok).toUtf8();
  }
  return bytes;
}

bool PythonQtConv::PyObjGetBool(PyObject* val, bool strict, bool &ok) {
  bool d = false;
  ok = false;
  if (val == Py_False) {
    d = false;
    ok = true;
  } else if (val == Py_True) {
    d = true;
    ok = true;
  } else if (!strict) {
    int result = PyObject_IsTrue(val);
    d = (result == 1);
    // the result is -1 if an error occurred, handle this:
    ok = (result != -1);
  }
  return d;
}

int PythonQtConv::PyObjGetInt(PyObject* val, bool strict, bool &ok) {
  int d = 0;
  ok = true;
  if (val->ob_type == &PyInt_Type) {
    d = PyInt_AS_LONG(val);
  } else if (!strict) {
    if (PyObject_TypeCheck(val, &PyInt_Type)) {
      // support for derived int classes, e.g. for our enums
      d = PyInt_AS_LONG(val);
    } else if (val->ob_type == &PyFloat_Type) {
      d = floor(PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(val));
    } else if (val->ob_type == &PyLong_Type) {
      // handle error on overflow!
      d = PyLong_AsLong(val);
    } else if (val == Py_False) {
      d = 0;
    } else if (val == Py_True) {
      d = 1;
    } else {
      PyErr_Clear();
      // PyInt_AsLong will try conversion to an int if the object is not an int:
      d = PyInt_AsLong(val);
      if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
        ok = false;
        PyErr_Clear();
      }
    }
  } else {
    ok = false;
  }
  return d;
}

qint64 PythonQtConv::PyObjGetLongLong(PyObject* val, bool strict, bool &ok) {
  qint64 d = 0;
  ok = true;
#ifndef PY3K
  if (val->ob_type == &PyInt_Type) {
    d = PyInt_AS_LONG(val);
  } else
#endif
  if (val->ob_type == &PyLong_Type) {
    d = PyLong_AsLongLong(val);
  } else if (!strict) {
    if (PyObject_TypeCheck(val, &PyInt_Type)) {
      // support for derived int classes, e.g. for our enums
      d = PyInt_AS_LONG(val);
    } else if (val->ob_type == &PyFloat_Type) {
      d = floor(PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(val));
    } else if (val == Py_False) {
      d = 0;
    } else if (val == Py_True) {
      d = 1;
    } else {
      PyErr_Clear();
      // PyLong_AsLongLong will try conversion to an int if the object is not an int:
      d = PyLong_AsLongLong(val);
      if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
        ok = false;
        PyErr_Clear();
      }
    }
  } else {
    ok = false;
  }
  return d;
}

quint64 PythonQtConv::PyObjGetULongLong(PyObject* val, bool strict, bool &ok) {
  quint64 d = 0;
  ok = true;
#ifndef PY3K
  if (Py_TYPE(val) == &PyInt_Type) {
    d = PyInt_AS_LONG(val);
  } else
#endif
  if (Py_TYPE(val) == &PyLong_Type) {
    d = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(val);
  } else if (!strict) {
    if (PyObject_TypeCheck(val, &PyInt_Type)) {
      // support for derived int classes, e.g. for our enums
      d = PyInt_AS_LONG(val);
    } else if (val->ob_type == &PyFloat_Type) {
      d = floor(PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(val));
    } else if (val == Py_False) {
      d = 0;
    } else if (val == Py_True) {
      d = 1;
    } else {
      PyErr_Clear();
      // PyLong_AsLongLong will try conversion to an int if the object is not an int:
      d = PyLong_AsLongLong(val);
      if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
        PyErr_Clear();
        ok = false;
      }
    }
  } else {
    ok = false;
  }
  return d;
}

double PythonQtConv::PyObjGetDouble(PyObject* val, bool strict, bool &ok) {
  double d = 0;
  ok = true;
  if (val->ob_type == &PyFloat_Type) {
    d = PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(val);
  } else if (!strict) {
#ifndef PY3K
    if (PyObject_TypeCheck(val, &PyInt_Type)) {
      d = PyInt_AS_LONG(val);
    } else
#endif
    if (PyLong_Check(val)) {
      d = static_cast<double>(PyLong_AsLongLong(val));
    } else if (val == Py_False) {
      d = 0;
    } else if (val == Py_True) {
      d = 1;
    } else {
      PyErr_Clear();
      // PyFloat_AsDouble will try conversion to a double if the object is not a float:
      d = PyFloat_AsDouble(val);
      if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
        PyErr_Clear();
        ok = false;
      }
    }
  } else {
    ok = false;
  }
  return d;
}

template <typename Map> 
void PythonQtConv::pythonToMapVariant(PyObject* val, QVariant& result)
{
  if (PyMapping_Check(val)) {
    Map map;
    PyObject* items = PyMapping_Items(val);
    if (items) {
      int count = PyList_Size(items);
      PyObject* value;
      PyObject* key;
      PyObject* tuple;
      for (int i = 0;i<count;i++) {
        tuple = PyList_GetItem(items,i);
        key = PyTuple_GetItem(tuple, 0);
        value = PyTuple_GetItem(tuple, 1);
        map.insert(PyObjGetString(key), PyObjToQVariant(value,-1));
      }
      Py_DECREF(items);
      result = map;
    }
  }
}

namespace
{
  QVariant variantFromType(int typeId, const void *copy)
  {
#if QT_VERSION >= 0x060000
    return QVariant(QMetaType(typeId), copy);
#else
    return QVariant(typeId, copy);
#endif
  }
}

QVariant PythonQtConv::PyObjToQVariant(PyObject* val, int type)
{
  QVariant v;
  bool ok = true;

  if (type == -1 
#if QT_VERSION >= 0x040800
    || type == QMetaType::QVariant
#endif
    ) {
    // no special type requested
    if (val == nullptr) {
#if QT_VERSION >= QT_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0)
      type = QMetaType::UnknownType;
#else
      type = 0;  // Equivalent to QVariant::Invalid or unregistered type
#endif
    } else if (PyBytes_Check(val)) {
#ifdef PY3K
      // In Python 3, it is a ByteArray
      type = QMetaType::QByteArray;
#else
      // In Python 2, we need to use String, since it might be a string
      type = QMetaType::QString;
#endif
    } else if (PyUnicode_Check(val)) {
      type = QMetaType::QString;
    } else if (val == Py_False || val == Py_True) {
      type = QMetaType::Bool;
#ifndef PY3K
    } else if (PyObject_TypeCheck(val, &PyInt_Type)) {
      type = QMetaType::Int;
#endif
    } else if (PyLong_Check(val)) {
      // return int if the value fits into that range,
      // otherwise it would not be possible to get an int from Python 3
      qint64 d = PyLong_AsLongLong(val);
      if (d > std::numeric_limits<int>::max() ||
          d < std::numeric_limits<int>::min()) {
        type = QMetaType::LongLong;
      } else {
        type = QMetaType::Int;
      }
    } else if (PyFloat_Check(val)) {
      type = QMetaType::Double;
    } else if (PyObject_TypeCheck(val, &PythonQtInstanceWrapper_Type)) {
      PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrap = (PythonQtInstanceWrapper*)val;
      // c++ wrapper, check if the class names of the c++ objects match
      if (wrap->classInfo()->isCPPWrapper()) {
        if (wrap->classInfo()->metaTypeId()>0) {
          // construct a new variant from the C++ object if it has a meta type (this will COPY the object!)
          v = variantFromType(wrap->classInfo()->metaTypeId(), wrap->_wrappedPtr);
        } else {
          // TODOXXX we could as well check if there is a registered meta type for "classname*", so that we may pass
          // the pointer here...
          // is this worth anything? we loose the knowledge of the cpp object type
          v = QVariant::fromValue(wrap->_wrappedPtr);
        }
      } else {
        // this gives us a QObject pointer
        QObject* myObject = wrap->_obj;
        v = QVariant::fromValue(myObject);
      }
      return v;
    } else if (val == Py_None) {
      // none is invalid
#if QT_VERSION >= QT_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0)
      type = QMetaType::UnknownType;
#else
      type = 0;  // Equivalent to QVariant::Invalid or unregistered type
#endif
    } else if (PyDict_Check(val)) {
      type = QMetaType::QVariantMap;
    } else if (PyList_Check(val) || PyTuple_Check(val) || PySequence_Check(val)) {
      type = QMetaType::QVariantList;
    } else {
      // transport the Python objects directly inside of QVariant:
      v = PythonQtObjectPtr(val).toVariant();
      return v;
    }
  }
  // special type request:
  switch (type) {
#if QT_VERSION >= QT_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0)
  case QMetaType::UnknownType:
#else
  case 0:  // Equivalent to QVariant::Invalid or unregistered type
#endif
    return v;
    break;
  case QMetaType::Int:
    {
      int d = PyObjGetInt(val, false, ok);
      if (ok) return QVariant(d);
    }
    break;
  case QMetaType::UInt:
    {
      int d = PyObjGetInt(val, false,ok);
      if (ok) v = QVariant((unsigned int)d);
    }
    break;
  case QMetaType::Bool:
    {
      int d = PyObjGetBool(val,false,ok);
      if (ok) v =  QVariant((bool)(d!=0));
    }
    break;
  case QMetaType::Double:
    {
      double d = PyObjGetDouble(val,false,ok);
      if (ok) v =  QVariant(d);
    }
    break;
  case QMetaType::Float:
    {
      float d = (float) PyObjGetDouble(val,false,ok);
      if (ok) v =  QVariant::fromValue(d);
    }
    break;
  case QMetaType::Long:
    {
      long d = (long) PyObjGetLongLong(val,false,ok);
      if (ok) v =  QVariant::fromValue(d);
    }
    break;
  case QMetaType::ULong:
    {
      unsigned long d = (unsigned long) PyObjGetLongLong(val,false,ok);
      if (ok) v =  QVariant::fromValue(d);
    }
    break;
  case QMetaType::LongLong:
    {
      qint64 d = PyObjGetLongLong(val, false, ok);
      if (ok) v =  QVariant::fromValue(d);
    }
    break;
  case QMetaType::ULongLong:
    {
      quint64 d = PyObjGetULongLong(val, false, ok);
      if (ok) v =  QVariant::fromValue(d);
    }
    break;
  case QMetaType::Short:
    {
      short d = (short) PyObjGetInt(val,false,ok);
      if (ok) v =  QVariant::fromValue(d);
    }
    break;
  case QMetaType::UShort:
    {
      unsigned short d = (unsigned short) PyObjGetInt(val,false,ok);
      if (ok) v =  QVariant::fromValue(d);
    }
    break;
  case QMetaType::Char:
    {
      char d = (char) PyObjGetInt(val,false,ok);
      if (ok) v =  QVariant::fromValue(d);
    }
    break;
  case QMetaType::UChar:
    {
      unsigned char d = (unsigned char) PyObjGetInt(val,false,ok);
      if (ok) v =  QVariant::fromValue(d);
    }
    break;

  case QMetaType::QByteArray:
    {
      bool ok;
#ifdef PY3K
      v = QVariant(PyObjGetBytes(val, false, ok));
#else
      v = QVariant(PyObjGetString(val, false, ok));
#endif
    }
    break;
  case QMetaType::QString:
    {
      bool ok;
      v = QVariant(PyObjGetString(val, false, ok));
    }
    break;

  case QMetaType::QVariantMap:
    pythonToMapVariant<QVariantMap>(val, v);
    break;
  case QMetaType::QVariantHash:
    pythonToMapVariant<QVariantHash>(val, v);
    break;
  case QMetaType::QVariantList:
  {
    bool isListOrTuple = PyList_Check(val) || PyTuple_Check(val);
    if (isListOrTuple || PySequence_Check(val)) {
      if (!isListOrTuple && _pythonSequenceToQVariantListCB) {
        // Only call this if we don't have a tuple or list.
        QVariant result = (*_pythonSequenceToQVariantListCB)(val);
        if (result.isValid()) {
          return result;
        }
      }
      int count = PySequence_Size(val);
      if (count >= 0) {
        // only get items if size is valid (>= 0)
        QVariantList list;
        PyObject* value;
        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
          value = PySequence_GetItem(val, i);
          list.append(PyObjToQVariant(value, -1));
          Py_XDECREF(value);
        }
        v = list;
      }
    }
  }
    break;
  case QMetaType::QStringList:
    {
      bool ok;
      QStringList l = PyObjToStringList(val, false, ok);
      if (ok) {
        v = l;
      }
    }
    break;

  default:
    if (PyObject_TypeCheck(val, &PythonQtInstanceWrapper_Type)) {
      PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrap = (PythonQtInstanceWrapper*)val;
      if (wrap->classInfo()->isCPPWrapper() && wrap->classInfo()->metaTypeId() == type) {
        // construct a new variant from the C++ object if it has the same meta type
        v = variantFromType(type, wrap->_wrappedPtr);
      } else {
        // Try to convert the object to a QVariant based on the typeName
        bool ok;
        bool isPtr = false;
#if QT_VERSION >= QT_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0)
        QByteArray typeName = QMetaType(type).name();
#else
        QByteArray typeName = QMetaType::typeName(type);
#endif
        if (typeName.endsWith("*")) {
          isPtr = true;
          typeName.truncate(typeName.length() - 1);
        }
        void* object = castWrapperTo(wrap, typeName, ok);
        if (ok) {
          if (isPtr) {
            v = variantFromType(type, &object);
          }
          else {
            v = variantFromType(type, object);
          }
        }
      }
    } else if (static_cast<std::uint32_t>(type) >= QMetaType::User) {
      // not an instance wrapper, but there might be other converters 
      // Maybe we have a special converter that is registered for that type:
      PythonQtConvertPythonToMetaTypeCB* converter = _pythonToMetaTypeConverters.value(type);
      if (converter) {
        // allocate a default object of the needed type:
        v = variantFromType(type, (const void*)nullptr);
        // now call the converter, passing the internal object of the variant
        ok = (*converter)(val, (void*)v.constData(), type, true);
        if (!ok) {
          v = QVariant();
        }
      } else {
        // try QList<AnyObject*>...
        const PythonQtMethodInfo::ParameterInfo& info = PythonQtMethodInfo::getParameterInfoForMetaType(type);
        if (info.isQList && (info.innerNamePointerCount == 1)) {
          // allocate a default object of the needed type:
          v = variantFromType(type, (const void*)nullptr);
          ok = ConvertPythonListToQListOfPointerType(val, (QList<void*>*)v.constData(), info, true);
          if (!ok) {
            v = QVariant();
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return v;
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::QStringToPyObject(const QString& str)
{
  if (str.isNull()) {
    return PyString_FromString("");
  } else {
    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16((const char*)str.utf16(), str.length()*2, nullptr, nullptr);
  }
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::QStringListToPyObject(const QStringList& list)
{
  PyObject* result = PyTuple_New(list.count());
  int i = 0;
  QString str;
  Q_FOREACH (str, list) {
    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result, i, PythonQtConv::QStringToPyObject(str));
    i++;
  }
  // why is the error state bad after this?
  PyErr_Clear();
  return result;
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::QStringListToPyList(const QStringList& list)
{
  PyObject* result = PyList_New(list.count());
  int i = 0;
  for (QStringList::ConstIterator it = list.begin(); it!=list.end(); ++it) {
    PyList_SET_ITEM(result, i, PythonQtConv::QStringToPyObject(*it));
    i++;
  }
  return result;
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::QVariantToPyObject(const QVariant& v)
{
  if (!v.isValid()) {
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
  }
  PyObject* obj = nullptr;
  if (v.userType() >= QMetaType::User && !PythonQt::priv()->isPythonQtAnyObjectPtrMetaId(v.userType())) {
    // try the slower way, which supports more conversions, e.g. QList<QObject*>
    const PythonQtMethodInfo::ParameterInfo& info = PythonQtMethodInfo::getParameterInfoForMetaType(v.userType());
    obj = ConvertQtValueToPython(info, v.constData());
  } else {
    // try the quick way to convert it, since it is a built-in type:
    obj = convertQtValueToPythonInternal(v.userType(), (void*)v.constData());
  }
  return obj;
}

template <typename Map>
PyObject* PythonQtConv::mapToPython (const Map& m)
{
  PyObject* result = PyDict_New();
  typename Map::const_iterator t = m.constBegin();
  PyObject* key;
  PyObject* val;
  for (;t!=m.constEnd();t++) {
    key = QStringToPyObject(t.key());
    val = QVariantToPyObject(t.value());
    PyDict_SetItem(result, key, val);
    Py_DECREF(key);
    Py_DECREF(val);
  }
  return result;
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::QVariantMapToPyObject(const QVariantMap& m) {
  return mapToPython<QVariantMap>(m);
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::QVariantHashToPyObject(const QVariantHash& m) {
  return mapToPython<QVariantHash>(m);
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::QVariantListToPyObject(const QVariantList& l) {
  PyObject* result = PyTuple_New(l.count());
  int i = 0;
  QVariant v;
  Q_FOREACH (v, l) {
    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result, i, PythonQtConv::QVariantToPyObject(v));
    i++;
  }
  // why is the error state bad after this?
  PyErr_Clear();
  return result;
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::ConvertQListOfPointerTypeToPythonList(QList<void*>* list, const PythonQtMethodInfo::ParameterInfo& info)
{
  PyObject* result = PyTuple_New(list->count());
  int i = 0;
  Q_FOREACH (void* value, *list) {
    PyObject* wrap = PythonQt::priv()->wrapPtr(value, info.innerName);
    if (wrap) {
      PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrapper = (PythonQtInstanceWrapper*)wrap;
      if (info.passOwnershipToCPP) {
        wrapper->passOwnershipToCPP();
      } else if (info.passOwnershipToPython) {
        wrapper->passOwnershipToPython();
      }
    }
    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result, i, wrap);
    i++;
  }
  return result;
}

bool PythonQtConv::ConvertPythonListToQListOfPointerType(PyObject* obj, QList<void*>* list, const PythonQtMethodInfo::ParameterInfo& info, bool /*strict*/)
{
  bool result = false;
  if (PySequence_Check(obj)) {
    int count = PySequence_Size(obj);
    if (count >= 0) {
      result = true;
      PyObject* value;
      for (int i = 0;i<count;i++) {
        value = PySequence_GetItem(obj,i);
        if (PyObject_TypeCheck(value, &PythonQtInstanceWrapper_Type)) {
          PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrap = (PythonQtInstanceWrapper*)value;
          bool ok;
          void* object = castWrapperTo(wrap, info.innerName, ok);
          Py_XDECREF(value);
          if (ok) {
            if (object) {
              if (info.passOwnershipToCPP) {
                wrap->passOwnershipToCPP();
              } else if (info.passOwnershipToPython) {
                wrap->passOwnershipToPython();
              }
            }
            list->append(object);
          } else {
            result = false;
            break;
          }
        } else {
          Py_XDECREF(value);
          result = false;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return result;
}


QString PythonQtConv::CPPObjectToString(int type, const void* data) {
  QString r;
  switch (type) {
    case QMetaType::QSize: {
      const QSize* s = static_cast<const QSize*>(data);
      r = QString::number(s->width()) + ", " + QString::number(s->height());
      }
      break;
    case QMetaType::QSizeF: {
      const QSizeF* s = static_cast<const QSizeF*>(data);
      r = QString::number(s->width()) + ", " + QString::number(s->height());
      }
      break;
    case QMetaType::QPoint: {
      const QPoint* s = static_cast<const QPoint*>(data);
      r = QString::number(s->x()) + ", " + QString::number(s->y());
      }
      break;
    case QMetaType::QPointF: {
      const QPointF* s = static_cast<const QPointF*>(data);
      r = QString::number(s->x()) + ", " + QString::number(s->y());
      }
      break;
    case QMetaType::QRect: {
      const QRect* s = static_cast<const QRect*>(data);
      r = QString::number(s->x()) + ", " + QString::number(s->y());
      r += ", " + QString::number(s->width()) + ", " + QString::number(s->height());
      }
      break;
    case QMetaType::QRectF: {
      const QRectF* s = static_cast<const QRectF*>(data);
      r = QString::number(s->x()) + ", " + QString::number(s->y());
      r += ", " + QString::number(s->width()) + ", " + QString::number(s->height());
      }
      break;
    case QMetaType::QDate: {
      const QDate* s = static_cast<const QDate*>(data);
      r = s->toString(Qt::ISODate);
      }
      break;
    case QMetaType::QDateTime: {
      const QDateTime* s = static_cast<const QDateTime*>(data);
      r = s->toString(Qt::ISODate);
      }
      break;
    case QMetaType::QTime: {
      const QTime* s = static_cast<const QTime*>(data);
      r = s->toString(Qt::ISODate);
    }
      break;
    case QMetaType::QPixmap:
    {
      const QPixmap* s = static_cast<const QPixmap*>(data);
      r = QString("Pixmap ") + QString::number(s->width()) + ", " + QString::number(s->height());
    }
      break;
    case QMetaType::QImage:
    {
      const QImage* s = static_cast<const QImage*>(data);
      r = QString("Image ") + QString::number(s->width()) + ", " + QString::number(s->height());
    }
      break;
    case QMetaType::QUrl:
      {
        const QUrl* s = static_cast<const QUrl*>(data);
        r = s->toString();
      }
      break;
      //TODO: add more printing for other variant types
    default:
      // this creates a copy, but that should not be expensive for typical simple variants
      // (but we do not want to do this for our own user types!)
      if (type>0 && type < (int)QMetaType::User) {
        r = variantFromType(type, data).toString();
      }
  }
  return r;
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::createCopyFromMetaType( int type, const void* data )
{
  // if the type is known, we can construct it via QMetaType::construct
#if QT_VERSION >= QT_VERSION_CHECK(6, 0, 0)
    void* newCPPObject = QMetaType(type).create(data);
  // XXX this could be optimized by using metatypeid directly
  PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrap = (PythonQtInstanceWrapper*)PythonQt::priv()->wrapPtr(newCPPObject, QMetaType(type).name());
#elif QT_VERSION >= QT_VERSION_CHECK(5, 0, 0)
    void* newCPPObject = QMetaType::create(type, data);
  // XXX this could be optimized by using metatypeid directly
  PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrap = (PythonQtInstanceWrapper*)PythonQt::priv()->wrapPtr(newCPPObject, QMetaType::typeName(type));
#else
    void* newCPPObject = QMetaType::construct(type, data);
  // XXX this could be optimized by using metatypeid directly
  PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrap = (PythonQtInstanceWrapper*)PythonQt::priv()->wrapPtr(newCPPObject, QMetaType::typeName(type));
#endif
  wrap->_ownedByPythonQt = true;
  wrap->_useQMetaTypeDestroy = true;
  return (PyObject*)wrap;
}

#if QT_VERSION < 0x060000
PyObject* PythonQtConv::convertFromStringRef(const void* inObject, int /*metaTypeId*/)
{
  return QStringToPyObject(((QStringRef*)inObject)->toString());
}
#else
PyObject* PythonQtConv::convertFromStringView(const void* inObject, int /*metaTypeId*/)
{
  return QStringToPyObject(((QStringView*)inObject)->toString());
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::convertFromAnyStringView(const void* inObject, int /*metaTypeId*/)
{
  return QStringToPyObject(((QAnyStringView*)inObject)->toString());
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::convertFromByteArrayView(const void* inObject, int)
{
  QByteArray ba = ((QByteArrayView*)inObject)->toByteArray();
  return createCopyFromMetaType(QMetaType::QByteArray, &ba);
}
#endif

QByteArray PythonQtConv::getCPPTypeName(PyObject* type)
{
  QByteArray result;
  if (PyType_Check(type)) {
    if (type->ob_type == &PythonQtClassWrapper_Type) {
      PythonQtClassWrapper* wrapper = (PythonQtClassWrapper*)type;
      // we have no good decision if this should be a pointer or a const reference
      if (wrapper->classInfo()->isQObject()) {
        // for QObjects, use a pointer
        result = wrapper->classInfo()->className() + "*";
      } else {
        // everything else is a const reference (otherwise the user needs to use strings to specify the type)
        result = wrapper->classInfo()->className();
      }
    } else {
      PyTypeObject* typeObject = reinterpret_cast<PyTypeObject*>(type);
      if (typeObject == &PyFloat_Type) {
        result = "double";
      } else if (typeObject == &PyBool_Type) {
        result = "bool";
#ifndef PY3K
      } else if (typeObject == &PyInt_Type) {
        result = "qint32";
#endif
      } else if (typeObject == &PyLong_Type) {
        result = "qint64";
      } else if (isStringType(typeObject)) {
        result = "QString";
      } else {
        result = "PythonQtSafeObjectPtr";
      }
    }
  } else if (type == Py_None) {
      result = "void";
  } else {
    bool dummy;
    result = QMetaObject::normalizedType(PyObjGetString(type, true, dummy).toUtf8());
  }
  return result;
}

bool PythonQtConv::isStringType(PyTypeObject* type)
{
#ifdef PY3K
  return type == &PyUnicode_Type;
#else
  return type == &PyUnicode_Type || type == &PyString_Type;
#endif
}

void PythonQtConv::registerStringViewTypes()
{
#if QT_VERSION < 0x060000
  stringRefTypeId = qRegisterMetaType<QStringRef>("QStringRef");
  PythonQtConv::registerMetaTypeToPythonConverter(stringRefTypeId, PythonQtConv::convertFromStringRef);
#else
  stringViewTypeId = qRegisterMetaType<QStringView>("QStringView");
  PythonQtConv::registerMetaTypeToPythonConverter(stringViewTypeId, PythonQtConv::convertFromStringView);
  anyStringViewTypeId = qRegisterMetaType<QAnyStringView>("QAnyStringView");
  PythonQtConv::registerMetaTypeToPythonConverter(anyStringViewTypeId, PythonQtConv::convertFromAnyStringView);
  byteArrayViewTypeId = qRegisterMetaType<QByteArrayView>("QByteArrayView");
  PythonQtConv::registerMetaTypeToPythonConverter(byteArrayViewTypeId, PythonQtConv::convertFromByteArrayView);
#endif
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::convertFromQListOfPythonQtObjectPtr(const void* inObject, int /*metaTypeId*/)
{
  QList<PythonQtObjectPtr>& list = *((QList<PythonQtObjectPtr>*)inObject);
  PyObject* tuple = PyTuple_New(list.size());
  for (int i = 0; i<list.size(); i++) {
    PyObject* item = list.at(i).object();
    // SET_ITEM steals the reference count, so we need to incref
    Py_XINCREF(item);
    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tuple, i, item);
  }
  return tuple;
}

bool PythonQtConv::convertToQListOfPythonQtObjectPtr(PyObject* obj, void* /* QList<PythonQtObjectPtr>* */ outList, int /*metaTypeId*/, bool /*strict*/)
{
  bool result = false;
  QList<PythonQtObjectPtr>& list = *((QList<PythonQtObjectPtr>*)outList);
  if (PySequence_Check(obj)) {
    int count = PySequence_Size(obj);
    if (count >= 0) {
      PyObject* value;
      result = true;
      for (int i = 0;i<count;i++) {
        value = PySequence_GetItem(obj,i);
        list.append(value);
        Py_XDECREF(value);
      }
    }
  }
  return result;
}

bool PythonQtConv::convertToPythonQtObjectPtr( PyObject* obj, void* /* PythonQtObjectPtr* */ outPtr, int /*metaTypeId*/, bool /*strict*/ )
{
  // just store the PyObject inside of the smart ptr
  *((PythonQtObjectPtr*)outPtr) = obj;
  return true;
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::convertFromPythonQtObjectPtr( const void* /* PythonQtObjectPtr* */ inObject, int /*metaTypeId*/ )
{
  PyObject* obj = (*((const PythonQtObjectPtr*)inObject)).object();
  // extra ref count, since we are supposed to return a newly refcounted object
  Py_XINCREF(obj);
  return obj;
}

bool PythonQtConv::convertToPythonQtSafeObjectPtr(PyObject* obj, void* /* PythonQtSafeObjectPtr* */ outPtr, int /*metaTypeId*/, bool /*strict*/)
{
  // just store the PyObject inside of the smart ptr
  *((PythonQtSafeObjectPtr*)outPtr) = obj;
  return true;
}

PyObject* PythonQtConv::convertFromPythonQtSafeObjectPtr(const void* /* PythonQtSafeObjectPtr* */ inObject, int /*metaTypeId*/)
{
  PyObject* obj = (*((const PythonQtSafeObjectPtr*)inObject)).object();
  // extra ref count, since we are supposed to return a newly refcounted object
  Py_XINCREF(obj);
  return obj;
}