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Merge pull request #625 from adityasharad/merge/1.19-next-051218
Merge rc/1.19 into next.
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‎change-notes/1.19/analysis-cpp.md‎

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# Improvements to C/C++ analysis
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## General improvements
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## New queries
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| **Query** | **Tags** | **Purpose** |
86
|-----------------------------|-----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| Cast between `HRESULT` and a Boolean type (`cpp/hresult-boolean-conversion`) | security, external/cwe/cwe-253 | Finds logic errors caused by mistakenly treating the Windows `HRESULT` type as a Boolean instead of testing it with the appropriate macros. Enabled by default. |
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| Setting a DACL to `NULL` in a `SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR` (`cpp/unsafe-dacl-security-descriptor`) | security, external/cwe/cwe-732 | This query finds code that creates world-writable objects on Windows by setting their DACL to `NULL`. Enabled by default. |
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| Cast from `char*` to `wchar_t*` | security, external/cwe/cwe-704 | Detects potentially dangerous casts from `char*` to `wchar_t*`. Enabled by default on LGTM. |
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| Dead code due to `goto` or `break` statement (`cpp/dead-code-goto`) | maintainability, external/cwe/cwe-561 | Detects dead code following a `goto` or `break` statement. Enabled by default on LGTM. |
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| Inconsistent direction of for loop | correctness, external/cwe/cwe-835 | This query detects `for` loops where the increment and guard condition don't appear to correspond. Enabled by default on LGTM. |
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| Incorrect Not Operator Usage | security, external/cwe/cwe-480 | This query finds uses of the logical not (`!`) operator that look like they should be bit-wise not (`~`). Available but not displayed by default on LGTM. |
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| NULL application name with an unquoted path in call to CreateProcess | security, external/cwe/cwe-428 | This query finds unsafe uses of the `CreateProcess` function. Available but not displayed by default on LGTM. |
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| Cast between `HRESULT` and a Boolean type (`cpp/hresult-boolean-conversion`) | security, external/cwe/cwe-253 | Finds logic errors caused by mistakenly treating the Windows `HRESULT` type as a Boolean instead of testing it with the appropriate macros. Results are shown on LGTM by default. |
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| Cast from `char*` to `wchar_t*` (`cpp/incorrect-string-type-conversion`) | security, external/cwe/cwe-704 | Detects potentially dangerous casts from `char*` to `wchar_t*`. Results are shown on LGTM by default. |
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| Dead code due to `goto` or `break` statement (`cpp/dead-code-goto`) | maintainability, external/cwe/cwe-561 | Detects dead code following a `goto` or `break` statement. Results are shown on LGTM by default. |
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| Inconsistent direction of for loop (`cpp/inconsistent-loop-direction`) | correctness, external/cwe/cwe-835 | Detects `for` loops where the increment and guard condition don't appear to correspond. Results are shown on LGTM by default. |
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| Incorrect Not Operator Usage (`cpp/incorrect-not-operator-usage`) | security, external/cwe/cwe-480 | Finds uses of the logical not (`!`) operator that look like they should be bit-wise not (`~`). Results are hidden on LGTM by default. |
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| Non-virtual destructor in base class (`cpp/virtual-destructor`) | reliability, readability, language-features | This query, `NonVirtualDestructorInBaseClass.ql`, is a replacement in LGTM for the query: No virtual destructor (`AV Rule 78.ql`). The new query ignores base classes with non-public destructors since we consider those to be adequately protected. The new version retains the query identifier, `cpp/virtual-destructor`, and results are displayed by default on LGTM. The old query is no longer run on LGTM. |
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| `NULL` application name with an unquoted path in call to `CreateProcess` (`cpp/unsafe-create-process-call`) | security, external/cwe/cwe-428 | Finds unsafe uses of the `CreateProcess` function. Results are hidden on LGTM by default. |
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| Setting a DACL to `NULL` in a `SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR` (`cpp/unsafe-dacl-security-descriptor`) | security, external/cwe/cwe-732 | Finds code that creates world-writable objects on Windows by setting their DACL to `NULL`. Results are shown on LGTM by default. |
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## Changes to existing queries
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## Changes to existing LGTM queries
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| **Query** | **Expected impact** | **Change** |
2019
|----------------------------|------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| Array offset used before range check | More results and fewer false positive results | The query now recognizes array accesses in different positions within the expression. False positives where the range is checked before and after the array access have been fixed. |
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| Empty branch of conditional | Fewer false positive results | The query now recognizes commented blocks more reliably. |
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| Expression has no effect | Fewer false positive results | Expressions in template instantiations are now excluded from this query. |
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| Global could be static | Fewer false positive results | Variables with declarations in header files are now excluded from this query. |
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| Resource not released in destructor | Fewer false positive results | Placement new is now excluded from the query. Also fixed an issue where false positives could occur if the destructor body was not in the snapshot. |
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| Memory is never freed | Fewer false positive results | This query now accounts for C++ _placement new_, which returns a pointer that does not need to be freed. |
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| Missing return statement (`cpp/missing-return`) | Visible by default | The precision of this query has been increased from 'medium' to 'high', which makes it visible by default in LGTM. It was 'medium' in release 1.17 and 1.18 because it had false positives due to an extractor bug that was fixed in 1.18. |
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| Missing return statement | Fewer false positive results | The query is now produces correct results when a function returns a template-dependent type, or makes a non-returning call to another function. |
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| Comparison result is always the same (`cpp/constant-comparison`) | Fewer false positive results | Comparisons in template instantiations are now excluded from results. |
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| Empty branch of conditional (`cpp/empty-block`) | Fewer false positive results | Now recognizes commented blocks more reliably. |
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| Expression has no effect (`cpp/useless-expression`) | Fewer false positive results | Expressions in template instantiations are now excluded from results. |
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| Missing return statement (`cpp/missing-return`) | Fewer false positive results, visible by default | Improved results when a function returns a template-dependent type, or makes a non-returning call to another function. Precision increased from 'medium' to 'high' so that alerts are shown by default in LGTM. |
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| Multiplication result converted to larger type (`cpp/integer-multiplication-cast-to-long`) | Fewer false positive results | Char-typed numbers are no longer considered to be potentially large. |
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| Non-virtual destructor in base class (`cpp/virtual-destructor`) | Fewer false positive results | This query was copied from file `AV Rule 78.ql` to `NonVirtualDestructorInBaseClass.ql` and renamed from "No virtual destructor" to "Non-virtual destructor in base class". The new version ignores base classes with non-public destructors since we consider those to be adequately protected. The new version retains the query id `cpp/virtual-destructor` and is displayed by default on LGTM, while `AV Rule 78.ql` is not run on LGTM. |
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| Overloaded assignment does not return 'this' (`cpp/assignment-does-not-return-this`) | Fewer false positive results | This query now ignores any return statements that are unreachable. |
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| Static array access may cause overflow | More correct results | Data flow to the size argument of a buffer operation is now checked in this query. |
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| Call to memory access function may overflow buffer | More correct results | Array indexing with a negative index is now detected by this query. |
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| Self comparison | Fewer false positive results | Code inside macro invocations is now excluded from the query. |
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| Suspicious call to memset | Fewer false positive results | Types involving decltype are now correctly compared. |
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| Suspicious add with sizeof | Fewer false positive results | Arithmetic with void pointers (where allowed) is now excluded from this query. |
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| Wrong type of arguments to formatting function | Fewer false positive results | False positive results involving typedefs have been removed. Expected argument types are determined more accurately, especially for wide string and pointer types. Custom (non-standard) formatting functions are also identified more accurately. |
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| AV Rule 164 | Fewer false positive results | This query now accounts for explicit casts. |
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| Negation of unsigned value | Fewer false positive results | This query now accounts for explicit casts. |
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| Variable scope too large | Fewer false positive results | Variables with declarations in header files, or that are used at file scope, are now excluded from this query. |
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| Comparison result is always the same | Fewer false positive results | Comparisons in template instantiations are now excluded from this query. |
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| Unsigned comparison to zero | Fewer false positive results | Comparisons in template instantiations are now excluded from this query. |
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| No virtual destructor (`cpp/jsf/av-rule-78`) | No results in LGTM | This query is part of the [Joint Strike Fighter](http://www.stroustrup.com/JSF-AV-rules.pdf) suite which defines strict coding rules for air vehicles. Its query identifier has been revised to reflect this. On LGTM this query has been replaced by the similar query "Non-virtual destructor in base class", see New queries above. The new query highlights only code that is likely to be a problem in the majority of projects. |
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| Overloaded assignment does not return 'this' (`cpp/assignment-does-not-return-this`) | Fewer false positive results | Any return statements that are unreachable are now ignored. |
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| Resource not released in destructor (`cpp/resource-not-released-in-destructor`) | Fewer false positive results | No longer highlights uses of C++ _placement new_ and results are no longer reported for resources where the destructor body is not in the snapshot database. |
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| Self comparison (`cpp/comparison-of-identical-expressions`) | Fewer false positive results | Code inside macro invocations is now excluded from the query. |
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| Static array access may cause overflow (`cpp/static-buffer-overflow`) | More correct results | Data flow to the `size` argument of a buffer operation is now checked in this query. |
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| Suspicious add with sizeof (`cpp/suspicious-add-sizeof`) | Fewer false positive results | Arithmetic with void pointers (where allowed) is now excluded from results. |
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| Unsigned comparison to zero (`cpp/unsigned-comparison-zero`) | Fewer false positive results | Comparisons in template instantiations are now excluded from results. |
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| Wrong type of arguments to formatting function (`cpp/wrong-type-format-argument`) | Fewer false positive results | False positive results involving `typedef`s have been removed. Expected argument types are determined more accurately, especially for wide string and pointer types. Custom (non-standard) formatting functions are also identified more accurately. |
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## Changes to other queries
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| **Query** | **Expected impact** | **Change** |
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|----------------------------|------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| Array offset used before range check (`cpp/offset-use-before-range-check`) | More results and fewer false positive results | Now recognizes array accesses in different positions within the expression. Code where the range is checked before and after the array access is no longer highlighted. |
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| AV Rule 164 (`cpp/jsf/av-rule-164`) | Fewer false positive results | Now accounts for explicit casts. |
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| Call to memory access function may overflow buffer (`cpp/overflow-buffer`) | More correct results | Array indexing with a negative index is now detected by this query. |
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| Global could be static (`cpp/jpl-c/limited-scope-file` and `cpp/power-of-10/global-could-be-static`)| Fewer false positive results | Variables with declarations in header files are now excluded from results. |
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| Memory is never freed (`cpp/memory-never-freed`)| Fewer false positive results | No longer highlights uses of C++ _placement new_, which returns a pointer that does not need to be freed. |
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| Negation of unsigned value (`cpp/jsf/av-rule-165`) | Fewer false positive results | Now accounts for explicit casts. |
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| Suspicious call to memset (`cpp/suspicious-call-to-memset`) | Fewer false positive results | Types involving `decltype` are now correctly compared. |
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| Variable scope too large (`cpp/jpl-c/limited-scope-function` and `cpp/power-of-10/variable-scope-too-large`) | Fewer false positive results | Variables with declarations in header files, or that are used at file scope, are now excluded from results. |
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## Changes to QL libraries
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* Added a hash consing library (`semmle.code.cpp.valuenumbering.HashCons`) for structural comparison of expressions. Unlike the existing library for global value numbering, this library implements a pure syntactic comparison of expressions and will equate expressions even if they may not compute the same value.
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* The `Buffer.qll` library has more conservative treatment of arrays embedded in structs. This reduces false positives in a number of security queries, especially `cpp/overflow-buffer`.
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* New hash consing library (`semmle.code.cpp.valuenumbering.HashCons`) for structural comparison of expressions. Unlike the existing library for global value numbering, this library implements a pure syntactic comparison of expressions and will equate expressions even if they may not compute the same value.
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* The `Buffer.qll` library has more conservative treatment of arrays embedded in structs. This reduces false positive results in a number of security queries, especially `cpp/overflow-buffer`.
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* Pre-C99 encodings of _flexible array members_ are recognized more reliably.
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* Arrays of zero size are now treated as a special case.
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* The library `semmle.code.cpp.dataflow.RecursionPrevention` is now deprecated. It was an aid for transitioning data-flow queries from 1.16 to 1.17, and it no longer has any function. Imports of this library should simply be deleted.

‎change-notes/1.19/analysis-csharp.md‎

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## General improvements
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* Control flow graph improvements:
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* The control flow graph construction now takes simple Boolean conditions on local scope variables into account. For example, in `if (b) x = 0; if (b) x = 1;`, the control flow graph will reflect that taking the `true` (resp. `false`) branch in the first condition implies taking the same branch in the second condition. In effect, the first assignment to `x` will now be identified as being dead.
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* Code that is only reachable from a constant failing assertion, such as `Debug.Assert(false)`, is considered to be unreachable.
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### Changes to the autobuilder
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During code extraction, when determining the target of `msbuild` or `dotnet build`, the autobuilder now looks for:
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* `.proj` files,
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* then `.sln` files,
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* and finally `.csproj`/`.vcxproj` files.
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In all three cases, when multiple files of the same type are found, the project/solution file closest to the root is used to build the project.
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### Control flow graph improvements
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* The control flow graph construction now takes simple Boolean conditions on local scope variables into account. For example, in `if (b) x = 0; if (b) x = 1;`, the control flow graph will reflect the fact that taking the `true` (resp. `false`) branch in the first condition implies taking the same branch in the second condition. In effect, the first assignment to `x` will now be identified as being dead.
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* Code that is only reachable from a constant failing assertion, such as `Debug.Assert(false)`, is considered to be unreachable.
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## New queries
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| **Query** | **Tags** | **Purpose** |
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| Using a package with a known vulnerability (cs/use-of-vulnerable-package) | security, external/cwe/cwe-937 | Finds project build files that import packages with known vulnerabilities. This is included by default. |
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| Uncontrolled format string (cs/uncontrolled-format-string) | security, external/cwe/cwe-134 | Finds data flow from remote inputs to the format string in `String.Format`. This is included by default. |
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| Uncontrolled format string (`cs/uncontrolled-format-string`) | security, external/cwe/cwe-134 | Finds data flow from remote inputs to the format string in `String.Format`. Results are shown on LGTM by default. |
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| Using a package with a known vulnerability (`cs/use-of-vulnerable-package`) | security, external/cwe/cwe-937 | Finds project build files that import packages with known vulnerabilities. Results are shown on LGTM by default. |
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## Changes to existing queries
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| Inconsistent lock sequence (`cs/inconsistent-lock-sequence`) | More results | This query now finds inconsistent lock sequences globally across calls. |
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| **Query** | **Expected impact** | **Change** |
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|----------------------------|------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| Cross-site scripting (`cs/web/xss`) | More results | Finds cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in ASP.NET Core applications. |
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| Inconsistent lock sequence (`cs/inconsistent-lock-sequence`) | More results | Finds inconsistent lock sequences globally across calls. |
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| Local scope variable shadows member (`cs/local-shadows-member`) | Fewer results | Results have been removed where a constructor parameter shadows a member, because the parameter is probably used to initialize the member. |
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| Cross-site scripting (`cs/web/xss`) | More results | This query now finds cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in ASP.NET Core applications. |
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| *@name of query (Query ID)*| *Impact on results* | *How/why the query has changed* |
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## Changes to code extraction
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* Arguments passed using `in` are now extracted.
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* Fix a bug where the `dynamic` type name was not extracted correctly in certain circumstances.
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* Fixed a bug where the `dynamic` type name was not extracted correctly in certain circumstances.
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* Fixed a bug where method type signatures were extracted incorrectly in some circumstances.
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## Changes to QL libraries
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* `getArgument()` on `AccessorCall` has been improved so it now takes tuple assignments into account. For example, the argument for the implicit `value` parameter in the setter of property `P` is `0` in `(P, x) = (0, 1)`. Additionally, the argument for the `value` parameter in compound assignments is now only the expanded value, for example, in `P += 7` the argument is `P + 7` and not `7`.
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* The predicate `isInArgument()` has been added to the `AssignableAccess` class. This holds for expressions that are passed as arguments using `in`.
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## Changes to the autobuilder
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* When determining the target of `msbuild` or `dotnet build`, first look for `.proj` files, then `.sln` files, and finally `.csproj`/`.vcxproj` files. In all three cases, choose the project/solution file closest to the root.
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* The predicate `isInArgument()` has been added to the `AssignableAccess` class. This holds for expressions that are passed as arguments using `in`

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