ExternalFlow.qll

/**
 * INTERNAL use only. This is an experimental API subject to change without notice.
 *
 * Provides classes and predicates for dealing with flow models specified
 * in data extension files.
 *
 * The extensible relations have the following columns:
 * - Sources:
 *   `namespace; type; subtypes; name; signature; ext; output; kind; provenance`
 * - Sinks:
 *   `namespace; type; subtypes; name; signature; ext; input; kind; provenance`
 * - Summaries:
 *   `namespace; type; subtypes; name; signature; ext; input; output; kind; provenance`
 * - Barriers:
 *   `namespace; type; subtypes; name; signature; ext; output; kind; provenance`
 * - BarrierGuards:
 *   `namespace; type; subtypes; name; signature; ext; input; acceptingValue; kind; provenance`
 *
 * The interpretation of a row is similar to API-graphs with a left-to-right
 * reading.
 * 1. The `namespace` column selects a namespace.
 * 2. The `type` column selects a type within that namespace. This column can
 *    introduce template type names that can be mentioned in the `signature` column.
 *    For example, `vector<T,Allocator>` introduces the template names `T` and
 *    `Allocator`. Non-type template parameters cannot be specified.
 * 3. The `subtypes` is a boolean that indicates whether to jump to an
 *    arbitrary subtype of that type. Set this to `false` if leaving the `type`
 *    blank (for example, a free function).
 * 4. The `name` column optionally selects a specific named member of the type.
 *    Like the `type` column, this column can introduce template type names
 *    that can be mentioned in the `signature` column. For example,
 *    `insert<InputIt>` introduces the template name `InputIt`. Non-type
 *    template parameters cannot be specified.
 * 5. The `signature` column optionally restricts the named member. If
 *    `signature` is blank then no such filtering is done. The format of the
 *    signature is a comma-separated list of types enclosed in parentheses. The
 *    types must be stripped of template names. That is, write `const vector &`
 *    instead of `const vector<T> &`.
 * 6. The `ext` column specifies additional API-graph-like edges. Currently
 *    there is only one valid value: "".
 * 7. The `input` column specifies how data enters the element selected by the
 *    first 6 columns, and the `output` column specifies how data leaves the
 *    element selected by the first 6 columns. An `input` can be either:
 *    - "": Selects a write to the selected element in case this is a field.
 *    - "Argument[n]": Selects an argument in a call to the selected element.
 *      The arguments are zero-indexed, and `-1` specifies the qualifier object,
 *      that is, `*this`.
 *      - one or more "*" can be added in front of the argument index to indicate
 *        indirection, for example, `Argument[*0]` indicates the first indirection
 *        of the 0th argument.
 *      - `n1..n2` syntax can be used to indicate a range of arguments, inclusive
 *        at both ends. One or more "*"s can be added in front of the whole range
 *        to indicate that every argument in the range is indirect, for example
 *        `*0..1` is the first indirection of both arguments 0 and 1.
 *    - "ReturnValue": Selects a value being returned by the selected element.
 *      One or more "*" can be added as an argument to indicate indirection, for
 *      example, "ReturnValue[*]" indicates the first indirection of the return
 *      value.
 *    The special symbol `@` can be used to specify an arbitrary (but fixed)
 *    number of indirections. For example, the `input` column `Argument[*@0]`
 *    indicates one or more indirections of the 0th argument.
 *
 *    An `output` can be either:
 *    - "": Selects a read of a selected field.
 *    - "Argument[n]": Selects the post-update value of an argument in a call to
 *      the selected element. That is, the value of the argument after the call
 *      returns. The arguments are zero-indexed, and `-1` specifies the qualifier
 *      object, that is, `*this`.
 *      - one or more "*" can be added in front of the argument index to indicate
 *        indirection, for example, `Argument[*0]` indicates the first indirection
 *        of the 0th argument.
 *      - `n1..n2` syntax can be used to indicate a range of arguments, inclusive
 *        at both ends. One or more "*"s can be added in front of the whole range
 *        to indicate that every argument in the range is indirect, for example
 *        `*0..1` is the first indirection of both arguments 0 and 1.
 *    - "Parameter[n]": Selects the value of a parameter of the selected element.
 *      The syntax is the same as for "Argument", for example "Parameter[0]",
 *      "Parameter[*0]", "Parameter[0..2]" etc.
 *    - "ReturnValue": Selects a value being returned by the selected element.
 *      One or more "*" can be added as an argument to indicate indirection, for
 *      example, "ReturnValue[*]" indicates the first indirection of the return
 *      value.
 *    The special symbol `@` can be used to specify an arbitrary (but fixed)
 *    number of indirections. For example, the `output` column
 *    `ReturnValue[*@0]` indicates one or more indirections of the return
 *    value.
 *    Note: The symbol `@` only ever takes a single value across a row. Thus,
 *    the (`input`, `output`) pair `("Argument[*@0]", "ReturnValue[@]")`
 *    represents:
 *    - flow from the _first_ indirection of the 0th argument to the return
 *    value, and
 *    - flow from the _second_ indirection of the 0th argument to the first
 *    indirection of the return value, etc.
 * 8. The `acceptingValue` column of barrier guard models specifies the condition
 *    under which the guard blocks flow. It can be one of "true" or "false". In
 *    the future "no-exception", "not-zero", "null", "not-null" may be supported.
 * 9. The `kind` column is a tag that can be referenced from QL to determine to
 *    which classes the interpreted elements should be added. For example, for
 *    sources "remote" indicates a default remote flow source, and for summaries
 *    "taint" indicates a default additional taint step and "value" indicates a
 *    globally applicable value-preserving step.
 * 10. The `provenance` column is a tag to indicate the origin and verification of a model.
 *    The format is {origin}-{verification} or just "manual" where the origin describes
 *    the origin of the model and verification describes how the model has been verified.
 *    Some examples are:
 *    - "df-generated": The model has been generated by the model generator tool.
 *    - "df-manual": The model has been generated by the model generator and verified by a human.
 *    - "manual": The model has been written by hand.
 *    This information is used in a heuristic for dataflow analysis to determine, if a
 *    model or source code should be used for determining flow.
 */

import cpp
private import new.DataFlow
private import semmle.code.cpp.controlflow.IRGuards
private import semmle.code.cpp.ir.dataflow.internal.DataFlowPrivate as Private
private import semmle.code.cpp.ir.dataflow.internal.DataFlowUtil
private import internal.FlowSummaryImpl
private import internal.FlowSummaryImpl::Public
private import internal.FlowSummaryImpl::Private
private import internal.FlowSummaryImpl::Private::External
private import internal.ExternalFlowExtensions::Extensions as Extensions
private import codeql.mad.ModelValidation as SharedModelVal
private import codeql.mad.static.ModelsAsData as SharedMaD

private module MadInput implements SharedMaD::InputSig {
  string namespaceSegmentSeparator() { result = "::" }
}

private module MaD = SharedMaD::ModelsAsData<Extensions, MadInput>;

import MaD

/**
 * Holds if `input` is `input0`, but with all occurrences of `@` replaced
 * by `n` repetitions of `*` (and similarly for `output` and `output0`).
 */
bindingset[input0, output0, n]
pragma[inline_late]
private predicate expandInputAndOutput(
  string input0, string input, string output0, string output, int n
) {
  input = input0.replaceAll("@", repeatStars(n)) and
  output = output0.replaceAll("@", repeatStars(n))
}

/**
 * Holds if a summary model exists for the given parameters.
 */
predicate summaryModel(
  string namespace, string type, boolean subtypes, string name, string signature, string ext,
  string input, string output, string kind, string provenance, string model
) {
  exists(string input0, string output0 |
    MaD::summaryModel(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature, ext, input0, output0, kind,
      provenance, model) and
    expandInputAndOutput(input0, input, output0, output,
      [0 .. Private::getMaxElementContentIndirectionIndex() - 1])
  )
}

/** Provides a query predicate to check the data for validation errors. */
module ModelValidation {
  private string getInvalidModelInput() {
    exists(string pred, AccessPath input, string part |
      sinkModel(_, _, _, _, _, _, input, _, _, _) and pred = "sink"
      or
      summaryModel(_, _, _, _, _, _, input, _, _, _, _) and pred = "summary"
    |
      (
        invalidSpecComponent(input, part) and
        not part = "" and
        not (part = "Argument" and pred = "sink") and
        not parseArg(part, _)
        or
        part = input.getToken(_) and
        parseParam(part, _)
      ) and
      result = "Unrecognized input specification \"" + part + "\" in " + pred + " model."
    )
  }

  private string getInvalidModelOutput() {
    exists(string pred, string output, string part |
      sourceModel(_, _, _, _, _, _, output, _, _, _) and pred = "source"
      or
      summaryModel(_, _, _, _, _, _, _, output, _, _, _) and pred = "summary"
    |
      invalidSpecComponent(output, part) and
      not part = "" and
      not (part = ["Argument", "Parameter"] and pred = "source") and
      result = "Unrecognized output specification \"" + part + "\" in " + pred + " model."
    )
  }

  private module KindValConfig implements SharedModelVal::KindValidationConfigSig {
    predicate summaryKind(string kind) { summaryModel(_, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, kind, _, _) }

    predicate sinkKind(string kind) { sinkModel(_, _, _, _, _, _, _, kind, _, _) }

    predicate sourceKind(string kind) { sourceModel(_, _, _, _, _, _, _, kind, _, _) }
  }

  private module KindVal = SharedModelVal::KindValidation<KindValConfig>;

  private string getInvalidModelSignature() {
    exists(string pred, string namespace, string type, string name, string signature, string ext |
      sourceModel(namespace, type, _, name, signature, ext, _, _, _, _) and pred = "source"
      or
      sinkModel(namespace, type, _, name, signature, ext, _, _, _, _) and pred = "sink"
      or
      summaryModel(namespace, type, _, name, signature, ext, _, _, _, _, _) and pred = "summary"
    |
      not namespace.regexpMatch("[a-zA-Z0-9_\\.:]*") and
      result = "Dubious namespace \"" + namespace + "\" in " + pred + " model."
      or
      not type.regexpMatch("[a-zA-Z0-9_<>,\\+]*") and
      result = "Dubious type \"" + type + "\" in " + pred + " model."
      or
      not name.regexpMatch("[a-zA-Z0-9_<>,]*") and
      result = "Dubious member name \"" + name + "\" in " + pred + " model."
      or
      not signature.regexpMatch("|\\([a-zA-Z0-9_<>\\.\\+\\*,\\[\\]]*\\)") and
      result = "Dubious signature \"" + signature + "\" in " + pred + " model."
      or
      not ext.regexpMatch("|Attribute") and
      result = "Unrecognized extra API graph element \"" + ext + "\" in " + pred + " model."
    )
  }

  private string getIncorrectConstructorSummaryOutput() {
    exists(string namespace, string type, string name, string output |
      type = name or
      type = name + "<" + any(string s)
    |
      summaryModel(namespace, type, _, name, _, _, _, output, _, _, _) and
      output.matches("ReturnValue%") and
      result =
        "Constructor model for " + namespace + "." + type +
          " should use `Argument[this]` in the output, not `ReturnValue`."
    )
  }

  /** Holds if some row in a MaD flow model appears to contain typos. */
  query predicate invalidModelRow(string msg) {
    msg =
      [
        getInvalidModelSignature(), getInvalidModelInput(), getInvalidModelOutput(),
        KindVal::getInvalidModelKind(), getIncorrectConstructorSummaryOutput()
      ]
  }
}

private predicate elementSpec(
  string namespace, string type, boolean subtypes, string name, string signature, string ext
) {
  sourceModel(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature, ext, _, _, _, _) or
  sinkModel(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature, ext, _, _, _, _) or
  barrierModel(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature, ext, _, _, _, _) or
  barrierGuardModel(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature, ext, _, _, _, _, _) or
  summaryModel(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature, ext, _, _, _, _, _)
}

/**
 * Holds if `c` is an instantiation of a class template `templateClass`, or
 * holds with `c = templateClass` if `c` is not an instantiation of any class
 * template.
 *
 * This predicate is used instead of `Class.isConstructedFrom` (which only
 * holds for template instantiations) in this file to allow for uniform
 * treatment of non-templated classes and class template instantiations.
 */
private predicate isClassConstructedFrom(Class c, Class templateClass) {
  c.isConstructedFrom(templateClass)
  or
  not c.isConstructedFrom(_) and c = templateClass
}

/** Gets the fully templated version of `c`. */
private Class getFullyTemplatedClassOld(Class c) {
  not c.isFromUninstantiatedTemplate(_) and
  isClassConstructedFrom(c, result)
}

private TemplateClass getOriginalClassTemplate(TemplateClass tc) {
  result = tc.getOriginalTemplate()
  or
  not exists(tc.getOriginalTemplate()) and
  result = tc
}

/** Gets the fully templated version of `c`. */
private Class getFullyTemplatedClassNew(Class c) {
  not c.isFromUninstantiatedTemplate(_) and
  exists(Class mid |
    c.isConstructedFrom(mid)
    or
    not c.isConstructedFrom(_) and c = mid
  |
    result = getOriginalClassTemplate(mid)
    or
    not mid instanceof TemplateClass and mid = result
  )
}

/** Gets the fully templated version of `c`. */
private Class getFullyTemplatedClass(Class c) {
  // The `Class::getOriginalTemplate` predicate was introduced in CodeQL
  // version 2.25.6 and the upgrade script leaves the
  // `class_template_generated_from` extensionals empty if the database
  // was generated with an older extractor. So we use the old implementation
  // if the `class_template_generated_from` extensional is empty.
  if class_template_generated_from(_, _)
  then result = getFullyTemplatedClassNew(c)
  else result = getFullyTemplatedClassOld(c)
}

/**
 * Holds if `f` is an instantiation of a function template `templateFunc`, or
 * holds with `f = templateFunc` if `f` is not an instantiation of any function
 * template.
 *
 * This predicate is used instead of `Function.isConstructedFrom` (which only
 * holds for template instantiations) in this file to allow for uniform
 * treatment of non-templated classes and class template instantiations.
 */
private predicate isFunctionConstructedFrom(Function f, Function templateFunc) {
  f.isConstructedFrom(templateFunc)
  or
  not f.isConstructedFrom(_) and f = templateFunc
}

/** Gets the fully templated version of `f`. */
private Function getFullyTemplatedFunctionOld(Function f) {
  not f.isFromUninstantiatedTemplate(_) and
  (
    exists(Class c, Class templateClass, int i |
      isClassConstructedFrom(c, templateClass) and
      f = c.getAMember(i) and
      result = templateClass.getCanonicalMember(i)
    )
    or
    not exists(f.getDeclaringType()) and
    isFunctionConstructedFrom(f, result)
  )
}

private TemplateFunction getOriginalFunctionTemplate(TemplateFunction tf) {
  result = tf.getOriginalTemplate()
  or
  not exists(tf.getOriginalTemplate()) and
  result = tf
}

/** Gets the fully templated version of `f`. */
private Function getFullyTemplatedFunctionNew(Function f) {
  not f.isFromUninstantiatedTemplate(_) and
  exists(Function mid |
    f.isConstructedFrom(mid)
    or
    not f.isConstructedFrom(_) and f = mid
  |
    result = getOriginalFunctionTemplate(mid)
    or
    not mid instanceof TemplateFunction and mid = result
  )
}

/** Gets the fully templated version of `f`. */
Function getFullyTemplatedFunction(Function f) {
  // The `Function::getOriginalTemplate` predicate was introduced in CodeQL
  // version 2.25.6 and the upgrade script leaves the
  // `function_template_generated_from` extensionals empty if the database
  // was generated with an older extractor. So we use the old implementation
  // if the `function_template_generated_from` extensional is empty.
  if function_template_generated_from(_, _)
  then result = getFullyTemplatedFunctionNew(f)
  else result = getFullyTemplatedFunctionOld(f)
}

/** Prefixes `const` to `s` if `t` is const, or returns `s` otherwise. */
bindingset[s, t]
private string withConst(string s, Type t) {
  if t.isConst() then result = "const " + s else result = s
}

/** Prefixes `volatile` to `s` if `t` is volatile, or returns `s` otherwise. */
bindingset[s, t]
private string withVolatile(string s, Type t) {
  if t.isVolatile() then result = "volatile " + s else result = s
}

/**
 * Returns `s` prefixed with appropriate specifiers from `t`, or `s` if `t` has
 * no relevant specifiers.
 */
bindingset[s, t]
private string withSpecifiers(string s, Type t) {
  // An `int` that is both const and volatile will be printed as
  // `const volatile int` to match the behavior of `Type.getName` which
  // is generated by the extractor.
  result = withConst(withVolatile(s, t), t)
}

/**
 * Gets the string version of `t`, after resolving typedefs. The boolean `needsSpace` is `true`
 * if a space should be appended before concatenating any additional symbols
 * (such as `*` or `&`) when recursively constructing the type name.
 */
private string getTypeName(Type t, boolean needsSpace) {
  // We don't care about template instantiations since we always base models
  // on the uninstantiated templates
  not t.isFromTemplateInstantiation(_) and
  (
    exists(DerivedType dt, string s, boolean needsSpace0 |
      dt = t and s = withSpecifiers(getTypeName(dt.getBaseType(), needsSpace0), dt)
    |
      dt instanceof ReferenceType and
      not dt instanceof RValueReferenceType and
      needsSpace = false and
      (if needsSpace0 = true then result = s + " &" else result = s + "&")
      or
      dt instanceof RValueReferenceType and
      needsSpace = false and
      (if needsSpace0 = true then result = s + " &&" else result = s + "&&")
      or
      dt instanceof PointerType and
      needsSpace = false and
      (if needsSpace0 = true then result = s + " *" else result = s + "*")
      or
      // We don't need to check for `needsSpace0` here because the type of
      // `x` in `int x[1024]` is formatted without a space between the bracket
      // and the `int` by `Type.getName`. That is, calling `Type.getName` on
      // the type of `x` gives `int[1024]` and not `int [1024]`.
      needsSpace = false and
      exists(ArrayType array | array = dt |
        result = s + "[" + array.getArraySize() + "]"
        or
        not array.hasArraySize() and
        result = s + "[]"
      )
      or
      not dt instanceof ReferenceType and
      not dt instanceof PointerType and
      not dt instanceof ArrayType and
      result = s and
      needsSpace = needsSpace0
    )
    or
    not t instanceof DerivedType and
    not t instanceof TypedefType and
    result = t.getName() and
    (if result.matches(["%*", "%&", "%]"]) then needsSpace = false else needsSpace = true)
  )
  or
  result = getTypeName(t.(TypedefType).getBaseType(), needsSpace)
}

/**
 * Gets a type name for the `n`'th parameter of `f` without any template
 * arguments.
 *
 * If `canonical = false` then the result may be a string representing a type
 * for which the typedefs have been resolved. If `canonical = true` then the
 * result will be a string representing a type without resolving `typedefs`.
 */
bindingset[f]
pragma[inline_late]
string getParameterTypeWithoutTemplateArguments(Function f, int n, boolean canonical) {
  exists(string s, string base, string specifiers, Type t |
    t = f.getParameter(n).getType() and
    // The name of the string can either be the possibly typedefed name
    // or an alternative name where typedefs has been resolved.
    // `getTypeName(t, _)` is almost equal to `t.resolveTypedefs().getName()`,
    // except that `t.resolveTypedefs()` doesn't have a result when the
    // resulting type doesn't appear in the database.
    (
      s = t.getName() and canonical = true
      or
      s = getTypeName(t, _) and canonical = false
    ) and
    parseAngles(s, base, _, specifiers) and
    result = base + specifiers
  )
  or
  f.isVarargs() and
  n = f.getNumberOfParameters() and
  result = "..." and
  canonical = true
}

/**
 * Gets the largest index of a template parameter of `templateFunction` that
 * is a type template parameter.
 */
private int getLastTypeTemplateFunctionParameterIndex(Function templateFunction) {
  result =
    max(int index | templateFunction.getTemplateArgument(index) instanceof TypeTemplateParameter)
}

/** Gets the number of supported template parameters for `templateFunction`. */
private int getNumberOfSupportedFunctionTemplateArguments(Function templateFunction) {
  result = count(int i | exists(getSupportedFunctionTemplateArgument(templateFunction, i)) | i)
}

/** Gets the `i`'th supported template parameter for `templateFunction`. */
private Locatable getSupportedFunctionTemplateArgument(Function templateFunction, int i) {
  result = templateFunction.getTemplateArgument(i) and
  // We don't yet support non-type template parameters in the middle of a
  // template parameter list
  i <= getLastTypeTemplateFunctionParameterIndex(templateFunction)
}

/**
 * Normalize the `n`'th parameter of `f` by replacing template names
 * with `func:N` (where `N` is the index of the template).
 */
pragma[nomagic]
private string getTypeNameWithoutFunctionTemplates(Function f, int n, int remaining) {
  exists(Function templateFunction |
    templateFunction = getFullyTemplatedFunction(f) and
    remaining = getNumberOfSupportedFunctionTemplateArguments(templateFunction) and
    result = getParameterTypeWithoutTemplateArguments(templateFunction, n, _)
  )
  or
  exists(string mid, TypeTemplateParameter tp, Function templateFunction |
    mid = getTypeNameWithoutFunctionTemplates(f, n, remaining + 1) and
    templateFunction = getFullyTemplatedFunction(f) and
    tp = getSupportedFunctionTemplateArgument(templateFunction, remaining)
  |
    result = mid.replaceAll(tp.getName(), "func:" + remaining.toString())
  )
}

/**
 * Gets the largest index of a template parameter of `templateClass` that
 * is a type template parameter.
 */
private int getLastTypeTemplateClassParameterIndex(Class templateClass) {
  result =
    max(int index | templateClass.getTemplateArgument(index) instanceof TypeTemplateParameter)
}

/** Gets the `i`'th supported template parameter for `templateClass`. */
private Locatable getSupportedClassTemplateArgument(Class templateClass, int i) {
  result = templateClass.getTemplateArgument(i) and
  // We don't yet support non-type template parameters in the middle of a
  // template parameter list
  i <= getLastTypeTemplateClassParameterIndex(templateClass)
}

/** Gets the number of supported template parameters for `templateClass`. */
private int getNumberOfSupportedClassTemplateArguments(Class templateClass) {
  result = count(int i | exists(getSupportedClassTemplateArgument(templateClass, i)) | i)
}

/**
 * Normalize the `n`'th parameter of `f` by replacing template names
 * with `class:N` (where `N` is the index of the template).
 */
pragma[nomagic]
private string getTypeNameWithoutClassTemplates(Function f, int n, int remaining) {
  // If there is a declaring type then we start by expanding the function templates
  exists(Class template |
    template = getFullyTemplatedClass(f.getDeclaringType()) and
    remaining = getNumberOfSupportedClassTemplateArguments(template) and
    result = getTypeNameWithoutFunctionTemplates(f, n, 0)
  )
  or
  // If there is no declaring type we're done after expanding the function templates
  not exists(f.getDeclaringType()) and
  remaining = 0 and
  result = getTypeNameWithoutFunctionTemplates(f, n, 0)
  or
  exists(string mid, TypeTemplateParameter tp, Class template |
    mid = getTypeNameWithoutClassTemplates(f, n, remaining + 1) and
    template = getFullyTemplatedClass(f.getDeclaringType()) and
    tp = getSupportedClassTemplateArgument(template, remaining)
  |
    result = mid.replaceAll(tp.getName(), "class:" + remaining.toString())
  )
}

/** Gets the string representation of the `i`'th parameter of `c`. */
string getParameterTypeName(Function c, int i) {
  result = getTypeNameWithoutClassTemplates(c, i, 0)
}

/** Splits `s` by `,` and gets the `i`'th element. */
bindingset[s]
pragma[inline_late]
private string getAtIndex(string s, int i) {
  result = s.splitAt(",", i) and
  // when `s` is `""` and `i` is `0` we get `result = ""` which we don't want.
  not (s = "" and i = 0)
}

/**
 * Normalizes `partiallyNormalizedSignature` by replacing the `remaining`
 * number of template arguments in `partiallyNormalizedSignature` with their
 * index in `typeArgs`.
 */
private string getSignatureWithoutClassTemplateNames(
  string partiallyNormalizedSignature, string typeArgs, string nameArgs, int remaining
) {
  elementSpecWithArguments0(_, _, _, partiallyNormalizedSignature, typeArgs, nameArgs) and
  remaining = count(partiallyNormalizedSignature.indexOf(",")) + 1 and
  result = partiallyNormalizedSignature
  or
  exists(string mid |
    mid =
      getSignatureWithoutClassTemplateNames(partiallyNormalizedSignature, typeArgs, nameArgs,
        remaining + 1)
  |
    exists(string typeArg |
      typeArg = getAtIndex(typeArgs, remaining) and
      result = mid.replaceAll(typeArg, "class:" + remaining.toString())
    )
    or
    // Make sure `remaining` is properly bound
    remaining = [0 .. count(partiallyNormalizedSignature.indexOf(",")) + 1] and
    not exists(getAtIndex(typeArgs, remaining)) and
    result = mid
  )
}

/**
 * Normalizes `partiallyNormalizedSignature` by replacing:
 * - _All_ the template arguments in `partiallyNormalizedSignature` that refer to
 * template parameters in `typeArgs` with their index in `typeArgs`, and
 * - The `remaining` number of template arguments in `partiallyNormalizedSignature`
 * with their index in `nameArgs`.
 */
pragma[nomagic]
private string getSignatureWithoutFunctionTemplateNames(
  string partiallyNormalizedSignature, string typeArgs, string nameArgs, int remaining
) {
  remaining = count(partiallyNormalizedSignature.indexOf(",")) + 1 and
  result =
    getSignatureWithoutClassTemplateNames(partiallyNormalizedSignature, typeArgs, nameArgs, 0)
  or
  exists(string mid |
    mid =
      getSignatureWithoutFunctionTemplateNames(partiallyNormalizedSignature, typeArgs, nameArgs,
        remaining + 1)
  |
    exists(string nameArg |
      nameArg = getAtIndex(nameArgs, remaining) and
      result = mid.replaceAll(nameArg, "func:" + remaining.toString())
    )
    or
    // Make sure `remaining` is properly bound
    remaining = [0 .. count(partiallyNormalizedSignature.indexOf(",")) + 1] and
    not exists(getAtIndex(nameArgs, remaining)) and
    result = mid
  )
}

/**
 * Holds if `elementSpec(_, type, _, name, signature, _)` holds and
 * - `typeArgs` represents the named template parameters supplied to `type`, and
 * - `nameArgs` represents the named template parameters supplied to `name`, and
 * - `normalizedSignature` is `signature`, except with
 *    - template parameter names replaced by `func:i` if the template name is
 *      the `i`'th entry in `nameArgs`, and
 *    - template parameter names replaced by `class:i` if the template name is
 *      the `i`'th entry in `typeArgs`.
 *
 * In other words, the string `normalizedSignature` represents a "normalized"
 * signature with no mention of any free template parameters.
 *
 * For example, consider a summary row such as:
 * ```
 * elementSpec(_, "MyClass<B, C>", _, myFunc<A>, "(const A &,int,C,B *)", _)
 * ```
 * In this case, `normalizedSignature` will be `"(const func:0 &,int,class:1,class:0 *)"`.
 */
pragma[nomagic]
private predicate elementSpecWithArguments(
  string signature, string type, string name, string normalizedSignature, string typeArgs,
  string nameArgs
) {
  exists(string signatureWithoutParens |
    elementSpecWithArguments0(signature, type, name, signatureWithoutParens, typeArgs, nameArgs) and
    normalizedSignature =
      getSignatureWithoutFunctionTemplateNames(signatureWithoutParens, typeArgs, nameArgs, 0)
  )
}

/** Gets the `n`'th normalized signature parameter for the function `name` in class `type`. */
private string getSignatureParameterName(string signature, string type, string name, int n) {
  exists(string normalizedSignature |
    elementSpecWithArguments(signature, type, name, normalizedSignature, _, _) and
    result = getAtIndex(normalizedSignature, n)
  )
}

/**
 * Gets a `Function` identified by the `(namespace, type, name)` components.
 *
 * If `subtypes` is `true` then the result may be an override of the function
 * identified by the components.
 */
pragma[nomagic]
private Function getFunction(string namespace, string type, boolean subtypes, string name) {
  elementSpec(namespace, type, subtypes, name, _, _) and
  (
    funcHasQualifiedName(result, namespace, name) and
    subtypes = false and
    type = ""
    or
    exists(Class namedClass, Class classWithMethod |
      hasClassAndName(classWithMethod, result, name) and
      classHasQualifiedName(namedClass, namespace, type)
    |
      // member declared in the named type or a subtype of it
      subtypes = true and
      classWithMethod = namedClass.getADerivedClass*()
      or
      // member declared directly in the named type
      subtypes = false and
      classWithMethod = namedClass
    )
  )
}

/**
 * Holds if the suffix containing the entries in `signature` starting at entry
 * `i` matches the suffix containing the parameters of `func` starting at entry `i`.
 *
 * For example, consider the signature `(int,bool,char)` and a function:
 * ```
 * void f(int a, bool b, char c);
 * ```
 * 1. The predicate holds for `i = 2` because the suffix containing all the entries
 * in `signature` starting at `2` is `char`, and suffix containing all the parameters
 * of `func` starting at `2` is `char`.
 * 2. The predicate holds for `i = 1` because the suffix containing all the entries
 * in `signature` starting at `1` is `bool,char`, and the suffix containing all the
 * parameters of `func` starting at `1` is `bool, char`.
 * 3. The predicate holds for `i = 0` because the suffix containing all the entries
 * in `signature` starting at `0` is `int,bool,char` and the suffix containing all
 * the parameters of `func` starting at `0` is `int, bool, char`.
 *
 * When `paramsString(func)[i]` is `class:n` then the signature name is
 * compared with the `n`'th name in `type`, and when `paramsString(func)[i]`
 * is `func:n` then the signature name is compared with the `n`'th name
 * in `name`.
 */
pragma[nomagic]
private predicate signatureMatches(
  Function func, string namespace, string signature, string type, string name, int i
) {
  func = getFunction(namespace, type, _, name) and
  exists(string s |
    s = getSignatureParameterName(signature, type, name, i) and
    s = getParameterTypeName(func, i)
  ) and
  if exists(getParameterTypeName(func, i + 1))
  then signatureMatches(func, namespace, signature, type, name, i + 1)
  else i = count(signature.indexOf(","))
}

/**
 * Internal: Do not use.
 *
 * This module only exists to expose internal predicates for testing purposes.
 */
module ExternalFlowDebug {
  /**
   * INTERNAL: Do not use.
   *
   * Exposed for testing purposes.
   */
  predicate signatureMatches_debug = signatureMatches/6;

  /**
   * INTERNAL: Do not use.
   *
   * Exposed for testing purposes.
   */
  predicate getSignatureParameterName_debug = getSignatureParameterName/4;

  /**
   * INTERNAL: Do not use.
   *
   * Exposed for testing purposes.
   */
  predicate getParameterTypeName_debug = getParameterTypeName/2;
}

/**
 * Holds if `s` can be broken into a string of the form
 * `beforeAngles<betweenAngles>`,
 * or `s = beforeAngles` where `beforeAngles` does not have any brackets.
 */
bindingset[s]
pragma[inline_late]
private predicate parseAngles(
  string s, string beforeAngles, string betweenAngles, string afterAngles
) {
  beforeAngles = s.regexpCapture("([^<]+)(?:<([^>]+)>(.*))?", 1) and
  (
    betweenAngles = s.regexpCapture("([^<]+)(?:<([^>]+)>(.*))?", 2) and
    afterAngles = s.regexpCapture("([^<]+)(?:<([^>]+)>(.*))?", 3)
    or
    not exists(s.regexpCapture("([^<]+)(?:<([^>]+)>(.*))?", 2)) and
    betweenAngles = "" and
    afterAngles = ""
  )
}

/** Holds if `s` can be broken into a string of the form `(betweenParens)`. */
bindingset[s]
pragma[inline_late]
private predicate parseParens(string s, string betweenParens) { s = "(" + betweenParens + ")" }

/**
 * Holds if `elementSpec(_, type, _, name, signature, _)` and:
 * - `type` introduces template parameters `typeArgs`, and
 * - `name` introduces template parameters `nameArgs`, and
 * - `signatureWithoutParens` equals `signature`, but with the surrounding
 *    parentheses removed.
 */
pragma[nomagic]
private predicate elementSpecWithArguments0(
  string signature, string type, string name, string signatureWithoutParens, string typeArgs,
  string nameArgs
) {
  elementSpec(_, type, _, name, signature, _) and
  parseAngles(name, _, nameArgs, "") and
  (
    type = "" and typeArgs = ""
    or
    parseAngles(type, _, typeArgs, "")
  ) and
  parseParens(signature, signatureWithoutParens)
}

/**
 * Holds if `elementSpec(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature, _)` and
 * `func`'s signature matches `signature`.
 *
 * `signature` may contain template parameter names that are bound by `type` and `name`.
 */
pragma[nomagic]
private predicate elementSpecMatchesSignature(
  Function func, string namespace, string type, boolean subtypes, string name, string signature
) {
  elementSpec(namespace, pragma[only_bind_into](type), subtypes, pragma[only_bind_into](name),
    pragma[only_bind_into](signature), _) and
  signatureMatches(func, namespace, signature, type, name, 0)
}

/**
 * Holds when `method` has name `nameWithoutArgs`, and gets the enclosing
 * class of `method`. Unlike `method.getClassAndName` this predicate does
 * not strip typedefs from the name when `method` is an `ConversionOperator`.
 */
bindingset[nameWithoutArgs]
pragma[inline_late]
private Class getClassAndNameImpl(Function method, string nameWithoutArgs) {
  result = method.getDeclaringType() and
  nameWithoutArgs = "operator " + method.(ConversionOperator).getDestType()
  or
  result = method.getClassAndName(nameWithoutArgs) and
  not method instanceof ConversionOperator
}

/**
 * Holds if `classWithMethod` has `method` named `name` (excluding any
 * template parameters).
 */
bindingset[name]
pragma[inline_late]
private predicate hasClassAndName(Class classWithMethod, Function method, string name) {
  exists(string nameWithoutArgs |
    parseAngles(name, nameWithoutArgs, _, "") and
    classWithMethod = getClassAndNameImpl(method, nameWithoutArgs)
  )
}

bindingset[name]
pragma[inline_late]
private predicate funcHasQualifiedName(Function func, string namespace, string name) {
  exists(string nameWithoutArgs |
    parseAngles(name, nameWithoutArgs, _, "") and
    func.hasQualifiedName(namespace, nameWithoutArgs)
  )
}

/**
 * Holds if `namedClass` is in namespace `namespace` and has
 * name `type` (excluding any template parameters).
 */
bindingset[type]
pragma[inline_late]
private predicate classHasQualifiedName(Class namedClass, string namespace, string type) {
  exists(string typeWithoutArgs |
    parseAngles(type, typeWithoutArgs, _, "") and
    namedClass.hasQualifiedName(namespace, typeWithoutArgs)
  )
}

/**
 * Gets the element in module `namespace` that satisfies the following properties:
 * 1. If the element is a member of a class-like type, then the class-like type has name `type`
 * 2. If `subtypes = true` and the element is a member of a class-like type, then overrides of the element
 *    are also returned.
 * 3. The element has name `name`
 * 4. If `signature` is non-empty, then the element has a list of parameter types described by `signature`.
 */
pragma[nomagic]
private Element interpretElement0(
  string namespace, string type, boolean subtypes, string name, string signature
) {
  result = getFunction(namespace, type, subtypes, name) and
  (
    // Non-member functions
    type = "" and
    (
      elementSpecMatchesSignature(result, namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature)
      or
      signature = "" and
      elementSpec(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature, _)
    )
    or
    // Member functions
    elementSpecMatchesSignature(result, namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature)
    or
    signature = "" and
    elementSpec(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature, _)
  )
  or
  // Member variables
  elementSpec(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature, _) and
  signature = "" and
  exists(Class namedClass, Class classWithMember, MemberVariable member |
    member.getName() = name and
    member = classWithMember.getAMember() and
    namedClass.hasQualifiedName(namespace, type) and
    result = member
  |
    // field declared in the named type or a subtype of it (or an extension of any)
    subtypes = true and
    classWithMember = namedClass.getADerivedClass*()
    or
    // field declared directly in the named type (or an extension of it)
    subtypes = false and
    classWithMember = namedClass
  )
  or
  // Global or namespace variables
  elementSpec(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature, _) and
  signature = "" and
  type = "" and
  subtypes = false and
  result = any(GlobalOrNamespaceVariable v | v.hasQualifiedName(namespace, name))
}

cached
private module Cached {
  /** Gets the source/sink/summary element corresponding to the supplied parameters. */
  cached
  Element interpretElement(
    string namespace, string type, boolean subtypes, string name, string signature, string ext
  ) {
    elementSpec(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature, ext) and
    exists(Element e | e = interpretElement0(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature) |
      ext = "" and result = e
    )
  }

  /**
   * Holds if `node` is specified as a source with the given kind in a MaD flow
   * model.
   */
  cached
  predicate sourceNode(DataFlow::Node node, string kind, string model) {
    exists(SourceSinkInterpretationInput::InterpretNode n |
      isSourceNode(n, kind, model) and n.asNode() = node
    )
  }

  /**
   * Holds if `node` is specified as a sink with the given kind in a MaD flow
   * model.
   */
  cached
  predicate sinkNode(DataFlow::Node node, string kind, string model) {
    exists(SourceSinkInterpretationInput::InterpretNode n |
      isSinkNode(n, kind, model) and n.asNode() = node
    )
  }

  private newtype TKindModelPair =
    TMkPair(string kind, string model) { isBarrierGuardNode(_, _, kind, model) }

  private GuardValue convertAcceptingValue(Public::AcceptingValue av) {
    av.isTrue() and result.asBooleanValue() = true
    or
    av.isFalse() and result.asBooleanValue() = false
    or
    // NOTE: The below cases don't contribute anything currently since the
    // callers immediately use `.asBooleanValue()` to convert the `GuardValue`
    // to a boolean. Once we're willing to accept the breaking change of
    // converting the barrier guard API to use `GuardValue`s instead `Boolean`s
    // we can remove this restriction.
    av.isNoException() and result.getDualValue().isThrowsException()
    or
    av.isZero() and result.asIntValue() = 0
    or
    av.isNotZero() and result.getDualValue().asIntValue() = 0
    or
    av.isNull() and result.isNullValue()
    or
    av.isNotNull() and result.isNonNullValue()
  }

  private predicate barrierGuardChecks(IRGuardCondition g, Expr e, boolean gv, TKindModelPair kmp) {
    exists(
      SourceSinkInterpretationInput::InterpretNode n, Public::AcceptingValue acceptingValue,
      string kind, string model
    |
      isBarrierGuardNode(n, acceptingValue, kind, model) and
      n.asNode().asExpr() = e and
      kmp = TMkPair(kind, model) and
      gv = convertAcceptingValue(acceptingValue).asBooleanValue() and
      n.asNode().(Private::ArgumentNode).getCall().asCallInstruction() = g
    )
  }

  private newtype TKindModelPairIntPair =
    MkKindModelPairIntPair(TKindModelPair pair, int indirectionIndex) {
      indirectionIndex > 0 and
      Private::nodeHasInstruction(_, _, indirectionIndex) and
      exists(pair)
    }

  private predicate indirectBarrierGuardChecks(
    IRGuardCondition g, Expr e, boolean gv, TKindModelPairIntPair kmp
  ) {
    exists(
      SourceSinkInterpretationInput::InterpretNode interpretNode,
      Public::AcceptingValue acceptingValue, string kind, string model, int indirectionIndex,
      Private::ArgumentNode arg
    |
      isBarrierGuardNode(interpretNode, acceptingValue, kind, model) and
      arg = interpretNode.asNode() and
      arg.asIndirectExpr(indirectionIndex) = e and
      kmp = MkKindModelPairIntPair(TMkPair(kind, model), indirectionIndex) and
      gv = convertAcceptingValue(acceptingValue).asBooleanValue() and
      arg.getCall().asCallInstruction() = g
    )
  }

  /**
   * Holds if `node` is specified as a barrier with the given kind in a MaD flow
   * model.
   */
  cached
  predicate barrierNode(DataFlow::Node node, string kind, string model) {
    exists(SourceSinkInterpretationInput::InterpretNode n |
      isBarrierNode(n, kind, model) and n.asNode() = node
    )
    or
    DataFlow::ParameterizedBarrierGuard<TKindModelPair, barrierGuardChecks/4>::getABarrierNode(TMkPair(kind,
        model)) = node
    or
    DataFlow::ParameterizedBarrierGuard<TKindModelPairIntPair, indirectBarrierGuardChecks/4>::getAnIndirectBarrierNode(MkKindModelPairIntPair(TMkPair(kind,
          model), _)) = node
  }
}

import Cached

/**
 * Holds if `node` is specified as a source with the given kind in a MaD flow
 * model.
 */
predicate sourceNode(DataFlow::Node node, string kind) { sourceNode(node, kind, _) }

/**
 * Holds if `node` is specified as a sink with the given kind in a MaD flow
 * model.
 */
predicate sinkNode(DataFlow::Node node, string kind) { sinkNode(node, kind, _) }

/**
 * Holds if `node` is specified as a barrier with the given kind in a MaD flow
 * model.
 */
predicate barrierNode(DataFlow::Node node, string kind) { barrierNode(node, kind, _) }

private predicate interpretSummary(
  Function f, string input, string output, string kind, string provenance, string model
) {
  exists(
    string namespace, string type, boolean subtypes, string name, string signature, string ext
  |
    summaryModel(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature, ext, input, output, kind, provenance,
      model) and
    f = interpretElement(namespace, type, subtypes, name, signature, ext)
  )
}

// adapter class for converting Mad summaries to `SummarizedCallable`s
private class SummarizedCallableAdapter extends SummarizedCallable {
  string input_;
  string output_;
  string kind;
  Provenance p_;
  string model_;

  SummarizedCallableAdapter() { interpretSummary(this, input_, output_, kind, p_, model_) }

  override predicate propagatesFlow(
    string input, string output, boolean preservesValue, Provenance p, boolean isExact, string model
  ) {
    input = input_ and
    output = output_ and
    (if kind = "value" then preservesValue = true else preservesValue = false) and
    p = p_ and
    isExact = true and
    model = model_
  }
}