Refactor logging and exception handling in insert-tools

[castengine]

Goal

Improve the logging and exception handling across the clickhouse_insert CLI module to make outputs clearer and debugging easier.

Tasks

• Replace generic print() or unstructured logs with standardized logger calls
• Add consistent log levels (INFO, WARNING, ERROR)
• Catch known exceptions (e.g., connection errors, schema mismatch, invalid config)
• Display user-friendly CLI messages instead of full tracebacks
• Optionally: Add --verbose or --quiet flags to control logging output

Why it matters

Right now, some errors raise full stack traces that are hard to interpret. Structured logging and clearer messaging will improve the developer and user experience.