Merge branch 'master' into docs/remove-readme-ko

Author: DenizAltunkapan

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -13,4 +13,5 @@ In order to reduce the number of notifications sent to the maintainers, please:
 - [ ] All filenames are in PascalCase.
 - [ ] All functions and variable names follow Java naming conventions.
 - [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in their comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanations.
-- [ ] All new code is formatted with `clang-format -i --style=file path/to/your/file.java`
+- [ ] All new algorithms include a corresponding test class that validates their functionality.
+- [ ] All new code is formatted with `clang-format -i --style=file path/to/your/file.java`

.github/workflows/infer.yml

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache infer build
         id: cache-infer
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: infer
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-infer-${{ env.year_week }}

.github/workflows/update-directorymd.yml

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
           git diff --cached --quiet || git commit -m "Update DIRECTORY.md"
       
       - name: Create Pull Request
-        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
+        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v8
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.REPO_SCOPED_TOKEN }}
           branch: update-directory

.gitpod.dockerfile

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FROM gitpod/workspace-java-21:2025-10-06-13-14-25
+FROM gitpod/workspace-java-21:2025-11-14-10-05-32
 
 ENV LLVM_SCRIPT="tmp_llvm.sh"
 

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
             <dependency>
                 <groupId>org.junit</groupId>
                 <artifactId>junit-bom</artifactId>
-                <version>6.0.1</version>
+                <version>6.0.2</version>
                 <type>pom</type>
                 <scope>import</scope>
             </dependency>
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
             <artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId>
-            <version>5.20.0</version>
+            <version>5.21.0</version>
             <scope>test</scope>
         </dependency>
         <dependency>
@@ -112,22 +112,22 @@
                     <dependency>
                     <groupId>com.puppycrawl.tools</groupId>
                     <artifactId>checkstyle</artifactId>
-                    <version>12.1.2</version>
+                    <version>13.0.0</version>
                     </dependency>
                 </dependencies>
             </plugin>
             <plugin>
                 <groupId>com.github.spotbugs</groupId>
                 <artifactId>spotbugs-maven-plugin</artifactId>
-                <version>4.9.8.1</version>
+                <version>4.9.8.2</version>
                 <configuration>
                     <excludeFilterFile>spotbugs-exclude.xml</excludeFilterFile>
                     <includeTests>true</includeTests>
                     <plugins>
                         <plugin>
                             <groupId>com.mebigfatguy.fb-contrib</groupId>
                             <artifactId>fb-contrib</artifactId>
-                            <version>7.7.0</version>
+                            <version>7.7.4</version>
                         </plugin>
                         <plugin>
                             <groupId>com.h3xstream.findsecbugs</groupId>

pom.xml

@@ -207,6 +207,12 @@
     <Match>
         <Bug pattern="FII_USE_ARRAYS_STREAM" />
     </Match>
+    <Match>
+        <Bug pattern="UTAO_JUNIT_ASSERTION_ODDITIES_USE_ASSERT_EQUALS" />
+    </Match>
+    <Match>
+        <Bug pattern="UTAO_JUNIT_ASSERTION_ODDITIES_INEXACT_DOUBLE" />
+    </Match>
     <!-- find-sec-bugs -->
     <Match>
         <Bug pattern="PREDICTABLE_RANDOM" />

spotbugs-exclude.xml

@@ -4,11 +4,36 @@
 import java.util.List;
 
 /**
- * Program description - To find all possible paths from source to destination
- * <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortest_path_problem">Wikipedia</a>
+ * Finds all possible simple paths from a given source vertex to a destination vertex
+ * in a directed graph using backtracking.
  *
- * @author <a href="https://github.com/siddhant2002">Siddhant Swarup Mallick</a>
+ * <p>This algorithm performs a Depth First Search (DFS) traversal while keeping track
+ * of visited vertices to avoid cycles. Whenever the destination vertex is reached,
+ * the current path is stored as one valid path.</p>
+ *
+ * <p><b>Key Characteristics:</b></p>
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>Works on directed graphs</li>
+ *   <li>Does not allow revisiting vertices in the same path</li>
+ *   <li>Stores all possible paths from source to destination</li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <p><b>Time Complexity:</b></p>
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>Worst Case: O(V!) — when the graph is fully connected</li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <p><b>Space Complexity:</b></p>
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>O(V) for recursion stack and visited array</li>
+ *   <li>Additional space for storing all valid paths</li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <p>This implementation is intended for educational purposes.</p>
+ *
+ * @see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth-first_search">Depth First Search</a>
  */
+
 @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"})
 public class AllPathsFromSourceToTarget {
 

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/backtracking/AllPathsFromSourceToTarget.java

@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@
 import java.util.TreeSet;
 
 /**
- * Finds all permutations of given array
- * @author Alan Piao (<a href="https://github.com/cpiao3">git-Alan Piao</a>)
+ * Finds all combinations of a given array using backtracking algorithm * @author Alan Piao (<a href="https://github.com/cpiao3">git-Alan Piao</a>)
  */
 public final class Combination {
     private Combination() {

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/backtracking/Combination.java

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.ciphers;
+
+import java.security.SecureRandom;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * One-Time Pad (OTP) cipher implementation.
+ *
+ * <p>The One-Time Pad is information-theoretically secure if:
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>The key is truly random.</li>
+ *   <li>The key length is at least as long as the plaintext.</li>
+ *   <li>The key is used only once and kept secret.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <p>This implementation is for <b>educational purposes only</b> and should not be
+ * used in production systems.
+ */
+public final class OneTimePadCipher {
+
+    private static final SecureRandom RANDOM = new SecureRandom();
+
+    private OneTimePadCipher() {
+        // utility class
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a random key of the given length in bytes.
+     *
+     * @param length the length of the key in bytes, must be non-negative
+     * @return a new random key
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if length is negative
+     */
+    public static byte[] generateKey(int length) {
+        if (length < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("length must be non-negative");
+        }
+        byte[] key = new byte[length];
+        RANDOM.nextBytes(key);
+        return key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Encrypts the given plaintext bytes using the provided key.
+     * <p>The key length must be exactly the same as the plaintext length.
+     *
+     * @param plaintext the plaintext bytes, must not be {@code null}
+     * @param key the one-time pad key bytes, must not be {@code null}
+     * @return the ciphertext bytes
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the key length does not match plaintext length
+     * @throws NullPointerException if plaintext or key is {@code null}
+     */
+    public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] plaintext, byte[] key) {
+        validateInputs(plaintext, key);
+        return xor(plaintext, key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decrypts the given ciphertext bytes using the provided key.
+     * <p>For a One-Time Pad, decryption is identical to encryption:
+     * {@code plaintext = ciphertext XOR key}.
+     *
+     * @param ciphertext the ciphertext bytes, must not be {@code null}
+     * @param key the one-time pad key bytes, must not be {@code null}
+     * @return the decrypted plaintext bytes
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the key length does not match ciphertext length
+     * @throws NullPointerException if ciphertext or key is {@code null}
+     */
+    public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] ciphertext, byte[] key) {
+        validateInputs(ciphertext, key);
+        return xor(ciphertext, key);
+    }
+
+    private static void validateInputs(byte[] input, byte[] key) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(input, "input must not be null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(key, "key must not be null");
+        if (input.length != key.length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Key length must match input length");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] xor(byte[] data, byte[] key) {
+        byte[] result = new byte[data.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
+            result[i] = (byte) (data[i] ^ key[i]);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+}