diff --git a/src/compiler/lcode.cpp b/src/compiler/lcode.cpp
index 5b1bf49c..5e267e53 100644
--- a/src/compiler/lcode.cpp
+++ b/src/compiler/lcode.cpp
@@ -800,7 +800,8 @@ int FuncState::constfolding(int op, expdesc *e1, const expdesc *e2) {
   TValue v1, v2, res;
   if (!tonumeral(e1, &v1) || !tonumeral(e2, &v2) || !validop(op, &v1, &v2))
     return 0;  /* non-numeric operands or not safe to fold */
-  luaO_rawarith(getLexState()->getLuaState(), op, &v1, &v2, &res);  /* does operation */
+  if (!luaO_rawarith(getLexState()->getLuaState(), op, &v1, &v2, &res))
+    return 0;  /* operation failed */
   if (ttisinteger(&res)) {
     e1->setKind(VKINT);
     e1->setIntValue(ivalue(&res));
diff --git a/src/core/lstack.cpp b/src/core/lstack.cpp
index 74397339..a37b432e 100644
--- a/src/core/lstack.cpp
+++ b/src/core/lstack.cpp
@@ -303,8 +303,25 @@ int LuaStack::grow(lua_State* L, int n, int raiseerror) {
     return 0;  /* if not 'raiseerror', just signal it */
   }
   else if (n < MAXSTACK) {  /* avoids arithmetic overflows */
-    int newsize = size + (size >> 1);  /* tentative new size (size * 1.5) */
-    int needed = cast_int(top.p - stack.p) + n;
+    int newsize;
+    /* Check for overflow in size * 1.5 calculation */
+    if (size > INT_MAX / 3 * 2) {
+      /* size + (size >> 1) could overflow, use MAXSTACK */
+      newsize = MAXSTACK;
+    } else {
+      newsize = size + (size >> 1);  /* tentative new size (size * 1.5) */
+    }
+
+    /* Safe calculation of needed space */
+    ptrdiff_t stack_used = top.p - stack.p;
+    lua_assert(stack_used >= 0 && stack_used <= INT_MAX);
+    int needed;
+    if (stack_used > INT_MAX - n) {
+      /* needed calculation would overflow, use MAXSTACK */
+      needed = MAXSTACK;
+    } else {
+      needed = cast_int(stack_used) + n;
+    }
 
     if (newsize > MAXSTACK)  /* cannot cross the limit */
       newsize = MAXSTACK;
diff --git a/src/objects/lobject.cpp b/src/objects/lobject.cpp
index a6c7caba..a5c12678 100644
--- a/src/objects/lobject.cpp
+++ b/src/objects/lobject.cpp
@@ -34,8 +34,10 @@
 /*
 ** Computes ceil(log2(x)), which is the smallest integer n such that
 ** x <= (1 << n).
+** Precondition: x > 0 (ceil(log2(0)) is undefined)
 */
 lu_byte luaO_ceillog2 (unsigned int x) {
+  lua_assert(x > 0);  /* ceil(log2(0)) is undefined */
   static const lu_byte log_2[256] = {  /* log_2[i - 1] = ceil(log2(i)) */
     0,1,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,
     6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
diff --git a/src/objects/lobject.h b/src/objects/lobject.h
index e18b1d71..b970025a 100644
--- a/src/objects/lobject.h
+++ b/src/objects/lobject.h
@@ -1795,18 +1795,18 @@ inline constexpr int UTF8BUFFSZ = 8;
   if (msg == nullptr) (L)->doThrow(LUA_ERRMEM);  /* only after 'va_end' */ }
 
 
-LUAI_FUNC int luaO_utf8esc (char *buff, l_uint32 x);
-LUAI_FUNC lu_byte luaO_ceillog2 (unsigned int x);
-LUAI_FUNC lu_byte luaO_codeparam (unsigned int p);
-LUAI_FUNC l_mem luaO_applyparam (lu_byte p, l_mem x);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC int luaO_utf8esc (char *buff, l_uint32 x);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC lu_byte luaO_ceillog2 (unsigned int x);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC lu_byte luaO_codeparam (unsigned int p);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC l_mem luaO_applyparam (lu_byte p, l_mem x);
 
-LUAI_FUNC int luaO_rawarith (lua_State *L, int op, const TValue *p1,
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC int luaO_rawarith (lua_State *L, int op, const TValue *p1,
                              const TValue *p2, TValue *res);
 LUAI_FUNC void luaO_arith (lua_State *L, int op, const TValue *p1,
                            const TValue *p2, StkId res);
-LUAI_FUNC size_t luaO_str2num (const char *s, TValue *o);
-LUAI_FUNC unsigned luaO_tostringbuff (const TValue *obj, char *buff);
-LUAI_FUNC lu_byte luaO_hexavalue (int c);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC size_t luaO_str2num (const char *s, TValue *o);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC unsigned luaO_tostringbuff (const TValue *obj, char *buff);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC lu_byte luaO_hexavalue (int c);
 LUAI_FUNC void luaO_tostring (lua_State *L, TValue *obj);
 LUAI_FUNC const char *luaO_pushvfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt,
                                                        va_list argp);
@@ -1844,11 +1844,11 @@ LUAI_FUNC int luaV_flttointeger (lua_Number n, lua_Integer *p, F2Imod mode);
 
 /* Forward declarations for comparison helpers (defined in lvm.cpp and lstring.h) */
 /* These handle mixed int/float comparisons correctly */
-LUAI_FUNC int LTintfloat (lua_Integer i, lua_Number f);
-LUAI_FUNC int LEintfloat (lua_Integer i, lua_Number f);
-LUAI_FUNC int LTfloatint (lua_Number f, lua_Integer i);
-LUAI_FUNC int LEfloatint (lua_Number f, lua_Integer i);
-LUAI_FUNC int l_strcmp (const TString* ts1, const TString* ts2);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC int LTintfloat (lua_Integer i, lua_Number f);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC int LEintfloat (lua_Integer i, lua_Number f);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC int LTfloatint (lua_Number f, lua_Integer i);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC int LEfloatint (lua_Number f, lua_Integer i);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC int l_strcmp (const TString* ts1, const TString* ts2);
 /* luaS_eqstr declared in lstring.h */
 
 /* String comparison helpers (defined in lstring.h) */
diff --git a/src/objects/ltable.cpp b/src/objects/ltable.cpp
index b2534404..60cb8ccb 100644
--- a/src/objects/ltable.cpp
+++ b/src/objects/ltable.cpp
@@ -412,6 +412,8 @@ static int equalkey (const TValue *k1, const Node *n2, int deadok) {
 */
 static TValue *getgeneric (Table *t, const TValue *key, int deadok) {
   Node *n = mainpositionTV(t, key);
+  const Node *base = gnode(t, 0);
+  const Node *limit = base + t->nodeSize();
   for (;;) {  /* check whether 'key' is somewhere in the chain */
     if (equalkey(key, n, deadok))
       return gval(n);  /* that's it */
@@ -420,6 +422,7 @@ static TValue *getgeneric (Table *t, const TValue *key, int deadok) {
       if (nx == 0)
         return &absentkey;  /* not found */
       n += nx;
+      lua_assert(n >= base && n < limit);  /* ensure we stay in bounds */
     }
   }
 }
@@ -477,7 +480,12 @@ static unsigned findindex (lua_State *L, Table *t, TValue *key,
     const TValue *n = getgeneric(t, key, 1);
     if (l_unlikely(isabstkey(n)))
       luaG_runerror(L, "invalid key to 'next'");  /* key not found */
-    i = cast_uint(reinterpret_cast<const Node*>(n) - gnode(t, 0));  /* key index in hash table */
+    /* Calculate index in hash table with bounds checking */
+    const Node* node_ptr = reinterpret_cast<const Node*>(n);
+    const Node* base = gnode(t, 0);
+    ptrdiff_t diff = node_ptr - base;
+    lua_assert(diff >= 0 && static_cast<size_t>(diff) < t->nodeSize());
+    i = cast_uint(diff);
     /* hash elements are numbered after array ones */
     return (i + 1) + asize;
   }
diff --git a/src/vm/lvm.h b/src/vm/lvm.h
index 65ba4398..9dde0ff8 100644
--- a/src/vm/lvm.h
+++ b/src/vm/lvm.h
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ inline bool tointegerns(const TValue* o, lua_Integer* i) noexcept {
 #define intop(op,v1,v2) l_castU2S(l_castS2U(v1) op l_castS2U(v2))
 
 /* Forward declaration for luaV_equalobj (defined in lvm.cpp) */
-LUAI_FUNC int luaV_equalobj (lua_State *L, const TValue *t1, const TValue *t2);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC int luaV_equalobj (lua_State *L, const TValue *t1, const TValue *t2);
 
 inline int luaV_rawequalobj(const TValue* t1, const TValue* t2) noexcept {
 	return *t1 == *t2;  /* Use operator== for raw equality */
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ inline void luaV_finishfastset(lua_State* L, const TValue* t, const TValue* v) n
 ** Shift right is the same as shift left with a negative 'y'
 */
 /* Forward declaration for luaV_shiftl (full declaration below) */
-LUAI_FUNC lua_Integer luaV_shiftl (lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC lua_Integer luaV_shiftl (lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y);
 
 inline lua_Integer luaV_shiftr(lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y) noexcept {
 	return luaV_shiftl(x, intop(-, 0, y));
@@ -232,8 +232,8 @@ inline lua_Integer luaV_shiftr(lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y) noexcept {
 
 
 
-LUAI_FUNC int luaV_lessthan (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r);
-LUAI_FUNC int luaV_lessequal (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC int luaV_lessthan (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC int luaV_lessequal (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r);
 #ifndef luaV_flttointeger_declared
 #define luaV_flttointeger_declared
 LUAI_FUNC int luaV_flttointeger (lua_Number n, lua_Integer *p, F2Imod mode);
@@ -245,9 +245,9 @@ LUAI_FUNC void luaV_finishset (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key,
 LUAI_FUNC void luaV_finishOp (lua_State *L);
 LUAI_FUNC void luaV_execute (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci);
 LUAI_FUNC void luaV_concat (lua_State *L, int total);
-LUAI_FUNC lua_Integer luaV_idiv (lua_State *L, lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y);
-LUAI_FUNC lua_Integer luaV_mod (lua_State *L, lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y);
-LUAI_FUNC lua_Number luaV_modf (lua_State *L, lua_Number x, lua_Number y);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC lua_Integer luaV_idiv (lua_State *L, lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC lua_Integer luaV_mod (lua_State *L, lua_Integer x, lua_Integer y);
+[[nodiscard]] LUAI_FUNC lua_Number luaV_modf (lua_State *L, lua_Number x, lua_Number y);
 LUAI_FUNC void luaV_objlen (lua_State *L, StkId ra, const TValue *rb);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/vm/lvm_comparison.cpp b/src/vm/lvm_comparison.cpp
index ae2346d1..4dc7921d 100644
--- a/src/vm/lvm_comparison.cpp
+++ b/src/vm/lvm_comparison.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 ** of the strings. Note that segments can compare equal but still
 ** have different lengths.
 */
-int l_strcmp (const TString *ts1, const TString *ts2) {
+[[nodiscard]] int l_strcmp (const TString *ts1, const TString *ts2) {
   size_t rl1;  /* real length */
   const char *s1 = getlstr(ts1, rl1);
   size_t rl2;
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ int l_strcmp (const TString *ts1, const TString *ts2) {
 ** potentially giving incorrect results. Instead, we compute ceil(f) as an
 ** integer and compare in the integer domain where no precision is lost.
 */
-int LTintfloat (lua_Integer i, lua_Number f) {
+[[nodiscard]] int LTintfloat (lua_Integer i, lua_Number f) {
   if (l_intfitsf(i))
     return luai_numlt(cast_num(i), f);  /* compare them as floats */
   else {  /* i < f <=> i < ceil(f) */
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ int LTintfloat (lua_Integer i, lua_Number f) {
 ** Check whether integer 'i' is less than or equal to float 'f'.
 ** See comments on previous function.
 */
-int LEintfloat (lua_Integer i, lua_Number f) {
+[[nodiscard]] int LEintfloat (lua_Integer i, lua_Number f) {
   if (l_intfitsf(i))
     return luai_numle(cast_num(i), f);  /* compare them as floats */
   else {  /* i <= f <=> i <= floor(f) */
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ int LEintfloat (lua_Integer i, lua_Number f) {
 ** Check whether float 'f' is less than integer 'i'.
 ** See comments on previous function.
 */
-int LTfloatint (lua_Number f, lua_Integer i) {
+[[nodiscard]] int LTfloatint (lua_Number f, lua_Integer i) {
   if (l_intfitsf(i))
     return luai_numlt(f, cast_num(i));  /* compare them as floats */
   else {  /* f < i <=> floor(f) < i */
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ int LTfloatint (lua_Number f, lua_Integer i) {
 ** Check whether float 'f' is less than or equal to integer 'i'.
 ** See comments on previous function.
 */
-int LEfloatint (lua_Number f, lua_Integer i) {
+[[nodiscard]] int LEfloatint (lua_Number f, lua_Integer i) {
   if (l_intfitsf(i))
     return luai_numle(f, cast_num(i));  /* compare them as floats */
   else {  /* f <= i <=> ceil(f) <= i */