diff --git a/src/dispatch/case/models.py b/src/dispatch/case/models.py
index 95eb1fd72aa4..192d7d6356e4 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/case/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/case/models.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Models and schemas for the Dispatch case management system."""
+
 from collections import Counter, defaultdict
 from datetime import datetime
 from typing import Any
@@ -78,6 +79,7 @@
 
 class Case(Base, TimeStampMixin, ProjectMixin):
     """SQLAlchemy model for a Case, representing an incident or issue in the system."""
+
     __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("name", "project_id"),)
 
     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
@@ -231,18 +233,20 @@ def total_cost_new(self):
 
 class SignalRead(DispatchBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading signal data."""
+
     id: PrimaryKey
     name: str
     owner: str
-    description: str | None
-    variant: str | None
+    description: str | None = None
+    variant: str | None = None
     external_id: str
-    external_url: str | None
+    external_url: str | None = None
     workflow_instances: list[WorkflowInstanceRead] | None = []
 
 
 class SignalInstanceRead(DispatchBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading signal instance data."""
+
     created_at: datetime
     entities: list[EntityRead] | None = []
     raw: Any
@@ -252,21 +256,24 @@ class SignalInstanceRead(DispatchBase):
 
 class ProjectRead(DispatchBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading project data."""
-    id: PrimaryKey | None
+
+    id: PrimaryKey | None = None
     name: NameStr
-    display_name: str | None
-    color: str | None
+    display_name: str | None = None
+    color: str | None = None
     allow_self_join: bool | None = Field(True, nullable=True)
 
+
 # Pydantic models...
 class CaseBase(DispatchBase):
     """Base Pydantic model for case data."""
+
     title: str
-    description: str | None
-    resolution: str | None
-    resolution_reason: CaseResolutionReason | None
-    status: CaseStatus | None
-    visibility: Visibility | None
+    description: str | None = None
+    resolution: str | None = None
+    resolution_reason: CaseResolutionReason | None = None
+    status: CaseStatus | None = None
+    visibility: Visibility | None = None
 
     @field_validator("title")
     @classmethod
@@ -287,42 +294,46 @@ def description_required(cls, v):
 
 class CaseCreate(CaseBase):
     """Pydantic model for creating a new case."""
-    assignee: ParticipantUpdate | None
-    case_priority: CasePriorityCreate | None
-    case_severity: CaseSeverityCreate | None
-    case_type: CaseTypeCreate | None
-    dedicated_channel: bool | None
-    project: ProjectRead | None
-    reporter: ParticipantUpdate | None
+
+    assignee: ParticipantUpdate | None = None
+    case_priority: CasePriorityCreate | None = None
+    case_severity: CaseSeverityCreate | None = None
+    case_type: CaseTypeCreate | None = None
+    dedicated_channel: bool | None = None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
+    reporter: ParticipantUpdate | None = None
     tags: list[TagRead] | None = []
     event: bool | None = False
 
 
 class CaseReadBasic(DispatchBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading basic case data."""
+
     id: PrimaryKey
-    name: NameStr | None
+    name: NameStr | None = None
 
 
 class IncidentReadBasic(DispatchBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading basic incident data."""
+
     id: PrimaryKey
-    name: NameStr | None
+    name: NameStr | None = None
 
 
 class CaseReadMinimal(CaseBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading minimal case data."""
+
     id: PrimaryKey
-    name: NameStr | None
-    status: CaseStatus | None  # Used in table and for action disabling
+    name: NameStr | None = None
+    status: CaseStatus | None = None  # Used in table and for action disabling
     closed_at: datetime | None = None
     reported_at: datetime | None = None
-    dedicated_channel: bool | None  # Used by CaseStatus component
+    dedicated_channel: bool | None = None  # Used by CaseStatus component
     case_type: CaseTypeRead
     case_severity: CaseSeverityRead
     case_priority: CasePriorityRead
     project: ProjectRead
-    assignee: ParticipantReadMinimal | None
+    assignee: ParticipantReadMinimal | None = None
     case_costs: list[CaseCostReadMinimal] = []
 
 
@@ -331,8 +342,9 @@ class CaseReadMinimal(CaseBase):
 
 class CaseRead(CaseBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading detailed case data."""
+
     id: PrimaryKey
-    assignee: ParticipantRead | None
+    assignee: ParticipantRead | None = None
     case_costs: list[CaseCostRead] = []
     case_priority: CasePriorityRead
     case_severity: CaseSeverityRead
@@ -352,7 +364,7 @@ class CaseRead(CaseBase):
     project: ProjectRead
     related: list[CaseReadMinimal] | None = []
     reported_at: datetime | None = None
-    reporter: ParticipantRead | None
+    reporter: ParticipantRead | None = None
     signal_instances: list[SignalInstanceRead] | None = []
     storage: StorageRead | None = None
     tags: list[TagRead] | None = []
@@ -367,15 +379,16 @@ class CaseRead(CaseBase):
 
 class CaseUpdate(CaseBase):
     """Pydantic model for updating case data."""
-    assignee: ParticipantUpdate | None
+
+    assignee: ParticipantUpdate | None = None
     case_costs: list[CaseCostUpdate] = []
-    case_priority: CasePriorityBase | None
-    case_severity: CaseSeverityBase | None
-    case_type: CaseTypeBase | None
+    case_priority: CasePriorityBase | None = None
+    case_severity: CaseSeverityBase | None = None
+    case_type: CaseTypeBase | None = None
     closed_at: datetime | None = None
     duplicates: list[CaseReadBasic] | None = []
     related: list[CaseRead] | None = []
-    reporter: ParticipantUpdate | None
+    reporter: ParticipantUpdate | None = None
     escalated_at: datetime | None = None
     incidents: list[IncidentReadBasic] | None = []
     reported_at: datetime | None = None
@@ -408,9 +421,11 @@ def find_exclusive(cls, tags: list[TagRead] | None) -> list[TagRead] | None:
 
 class CasePagination(Pagination):
     """Pydantic model for paginated minimal case results."""
+
     items: list[CaseReadMinimal] = []
 
 
 class CaseExpandedPagination(Pagination):
     """Pydantic model for paginated expanded case results."""
+
     items: list[CaseRead] = []
diff --git a/src/dispatch/case/priority/models.py b/src/dispatch/case/priority/models.py
index 527aa87614fa..d53b8510b6db 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/case/priority/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/case/priority/models.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Models and schemas for the Dispatch case priority system."""
+
 from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Boolean
 from sqlalchemy.sql.schema import UniqueConstraint
 from sqlalchemy.event import listen
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@
 
 class CasePriority(Base, ProjectMixin):
     """SQLAlchemy model for a case priority, representing the priority level of a case."""
+
     __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("name", "project_id"),)
     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
     name = Column(String)
@@ -27,7 +29,9 @@ class CasePriority(Base, ProjectMixin):
     search_vector = Column(TSVectorType("name", "description"))
 
 
-default_listener_doc = """Ensure only one default priority per project by listening to the 'default' field."""
+default_listener_doc = (
+    """Ensure only one default priority per project by listening to the 'default' field."""
+)
 
 listen(CasePriority.default, "set", ensure_unique_default_per_project)
 
@@ -35,31 +39,36 @@ class CasePriority(Base, ProjectMixin):
 # Pydantic models
 class CasePriorityBase(DispatchBase):
     """Base Pydantic model for case priority data."""
+
     color: str | None = None
-    default: bool | None
-    page_assignee: bool | None
+    default: bool | None = None
+    page_assignee: bool | None = None
     description: str | None = None
-    enabled: bool | None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
     name: NameStr
-    project: ProjectRead | None
-    view_order: int | None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
+    view_order: int | None = None
 
 
 class CasePriorityCreate(CasePriorityBase):
     """Pydantic model for creating a new case priority."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class CasePriorityUpdate(CasePriorityBase):
     """Pydantic model for updating a case priority."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class CasePriorityRead(CasePriorityBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading case priority data."""
-    id: PrimaryKey | None
+
+    id: PrimaryKey | None = None
 
 
 class CasePriorityPagination(Pagination):
     """Pydantic model for paginated case priority results."""
+
     items: list[CasePriorityRead] = []
diff --git a/src/dispatch/case/severity/models.py b/src/dispatch/case/severity/models.py
index 0c9a1e213d17..91a3ed12a0df 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/case/severity/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/case/severity/models.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 
 class CaseSeverity(Base, ProjectMixin):
     """SQLAlchemy model for a case severity, representing the severity level of a case."""
+
     __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("name", "project_id"),)
     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
     name = Column(String)
@@ -39,30 +40,35 @@ class CaseSeverity(Base, ProjectMixin):
 # Pydantic models
 class CaseSeverityBase(DispatchBase):
     """Base Pydantic model for case severity data."""
+
     color: str | None = None
-    default: bool | None
+    default: bool | None = None
     description: str | None = None
-    enabled: bool | None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
     name: NameStr
-    project: ProjectRead | None
-    view_order: int | None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
+    view_order: int | None = None
 
 
 class CaseSeverityCreate(CaseSeverityBase):
     """Pydantic model for creating a new case severity."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class CaseSeverityUpdate(CaseSeverityBase):
     """Pydantic model for updating a case severity."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class CaseSeverityRead(CaseSeverityBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading case severity data."""
+
     id: PrimaryKey
 
 
 class CaseSeverityPagination(Pagination):
     """Pydantic model for paginated case severity results."""
+
     items: list[CaseSeverityRead] = []
diff --git a/src/dispatch/case_cost_type/models.py b/src/dispatch/case_cost_type/models.py
index 9157403e6db3..59299e8a9342 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/case_cost_type/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/case_cost_type/models.py
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ class CaseCostTypeBase(DispatchBase):
     description: str | None = None
     category: str | None = None
     details: dict | None = {}
-    created_at: datetime | None
-    editable: bool | None
+    created_at: datetime | None = None
+    editable: bool | None = None
     model_type: str | None = Field(None, nullable=False)
 
 
diff --git a/src/dispatch/cost_model/models.py b/src/dispatch/cost_model/models.py
index ad25807b07e1..69e15f7417f2 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/cost_model/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/cost_model/models.py
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ class CostModel(Base, TimeStampMixin, ProjectMixin):
 # Pydantic Models
 class CostModelActivityBase(DispatchBase):
     """Base class for cost model activity resources"""
+
     plugin_event: PluginEventRead
     response_time_seconds: int | None = 300
     enabled: bool | None = Field(True, nullable=True)
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ class CostModelActivityRead(CostModelActivityBase):
 
 
 class CostModelActivityUpdate(CostModelActivityBase):
-    id: PrimaryKey | None
+    id: PrimaryKey | None = None
 
 
 class CostModelBase(DispatchBase):
diff --git a/src/dispatch/data/alert/models.py b/src/dispatch/data/alert/models.py
index 5f01d8a1c876..db2221b23d77 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/data/alert/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/data/alert/models.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class AlertCreate(AlertBase):
 
 
 class AlertUpdate(AlertBase):
-    id: PrimaryKey | None
+    id: PrimaryKey | None = None
 
 
 class AlertRead(AlertBase):
diff --git a/src/dispatch/data/query/models.py b/src/dispatch/data/query/models.py
index 240b9bd887a2..210acc70df60 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/data/query/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/data/query/models.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class QueryCreate(QueryBase):
 
 
 class QueryUpdate(QueryBase):
-    id: PrimaryKey | None
+    id: PrimaryKey | None = None
 
 
 class QueryRead(QueryBase):
diff --git a/src/dispatch/data/source/models.py b/src/dispatch/data/source/models.py
index d651a9351a44..1946d28ad906 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/data/source/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/data/source/models.py
@@ -133,13 +133,13 @@ class SourceBase(DispatchBase):
     incidents: list[IncidentRead | None] = []
     queries: list[QueryReadMinimal | None] = []
     alerts: list[AlertRead | None] = []
-    cost: float | None
+    cost: float | None = None
     owner: ServiceRead | None = None
-    source_type: SourceTypeRead | None
-    source_environment: SourceEnvironmentRead | None
-    source_data_format: SourceDataFormatRead | None
-    source_status: SourceStatusRead | None
-    source_transport: SourceTransportRead | None
+    source_type: SourceTypeRead | None = None
+    source_environment: SourceEnvironmentRead | None = None
+    source_data_format: SourceDataFormatRead | None = None
+    source_status: SourceStatusRead | None = None
+    source_transport: SourceTransportRead | None = None
     project: ProjectRead
 
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class SourceCreate(SourceBase):
 
 
 class SourceUpdate(SourceBase):
-    id: PrimaryKey | None
+    id: PrimaryKey | None = None
 
 
 class SourceRead(SourceBase):
diff --git a/src/dispatch/definition/models.py b/src/dispatch/definition/models.py
index e3afba53e314..17913f7999f2 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/definition/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/definition/models.py
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ class Definition(Base, ProjectMixin):
 
 
 class DefinitionTerm(DispatchBase):
-    id: PrimaryKey | None
-    text: str | None
+    id: PrimaryKey | None = None
+    text: str | None = None
 
 
 # Pydantic models...
diff --git a/src/dispatch/document/models.py b/src/dispatch/document/models.py
index b3be6bceaba0..94b650418648 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/document/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/document/models.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class DocumentCreate(DocumentBase):
 class DocumentUpdate(DocumentBase):
     """Pydantic model for updating a document resource."""
 
-    filters: list[SearchFilterRead] | None
+    filters: list[SearchFilterRead] | None = None
     tags: list[TagRead] | None = []
 
     @field_validator("tags")
diff --git a/src/dispatch/email_templates/models.py b/src/dispatch/email_templates/models.py
index 05fe3a1c232c..acb894091d99 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/email_templates/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/email_templates/models.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class EmailTemplatesBase(DispatchBase):
     welcome_text: str | None = None
     welcome_body: str | None = None
     components: str | None = None
-    enabled: bool | None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
 
 
 class EmailTemplatesCreate(EmailTemplatesBase):
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class EmailTemplatesUpdate(EmailTemplatesBase):
 
 class EmailTemplatesRead(EmailTemplatesBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
-    project: ProjectRead | None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
     created_at: datetime | None = None
     updated_at: datetime | None = None
 
diff --git a/src/dispatch/entity/models.py b/src/dispatch/entity/models.py
index 92e474e36248..8e8b7a6739a4 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/entity/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/entity/models.py
@@ -63,13 +63,13 @@ def __hash__(self):
 
 
 class EntityUpdate(EntityBase):
-    id: PrimaryKey | None
-    entity_type: EntityTypeUpdate | None
+    id: PrimaryKey | None = None
+    entity_type: EntityTypeUpdate | None = None
 
 
 class EntityRead(EntityBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
-    entity_type: EntityTypeRead | None
+    entity_type: EntityTypeRead | None = None
     project: ProjectRead
 
 
diff --git a/src/dispatch/entity_type/models.py b/src/dispatch/entity_type/models.py
index 8a1636e10696..eb7525426ab9 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/entity_type/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/entity_type/models.py
@@ -48,17 +48,17 @@ class SignalRead(DispatchBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
     name: str
     owner: str
-    conversation_target: str | None
-    description: str | None
-    variant: str | None
+    conversation_target: str | None = None
+    description: str | None = None
+    variant: str | None = None
 
 
 class EntityTypeBase(DispatchBase):
-    name: NameStr | None
+    name: NameStr | None = None
     description: str | None = None
     jpath: str | None = None
     scope: EntityScopeEnum | None = Field(EntityScopeEnum.single, nullable=False)
-    enabled: bool | None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
     signals: list[SignalRead | None] = Field([], nullable=True)
     regular_expression: str | None = None
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class EntityTypeReadMinimal(DispatchBase):
     name: NameStr
     description: str | None = None
     scope: EntityScopeEnum
-    enabled: bool | None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
     regular_expression: str | None = None
 
 
diff --git a/src/dispatch/feedback/incident/models.py b/src/dispatch/feedback/incident/models.py
index 865736d2ee63..653907c6df59 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/feedback/incident/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/feedback/incident/models.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class FeedbackUpdate(FeedbackBase):
 
 class FeedbackRead(FeedbackBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
-    project: ProjectRead | None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
 
 
 class FeedbackPagination(Pagination):
diff --git a/src/dispatch/feedback/service/models.py b/src/dispatch/feedback/service/models.py
index 0da24e10440b..e4ef5d837309 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/feedback/service/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/feedback/service/models.py
@@ -40,14 +40,14 @@ class ServiceFeedback(TimeStampMixin, FeedbackMixin, Base):
 # Pydantic models
 class ServiceFeedbackBase(DispatchBase):
     feedback: str | None = None
-    hours: float | None
-    individual: IndividualContactReadMinimal | None
+    hours: float | None = None
+    individual: IndividualContactReadMinimal | None = None
     rating: ServiceFeedbackRating = ServiceFeedbackRating.little_effort
-    schedule: str | None
-    shift_end_at: datetime | None
-    shift_start_at: datetime | None
-    project: ProjectRead | None
-    created_at: datetime | None
+    schedule: str | None = None
+    shift_end_at: datetime | None = None
+    shift_start_at: datetime | None = None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
+    created_at: datetime | None = None
     details: list[dict | None] = Field([], nullable=True)
 
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class ServiceFeedbackUpdate(ServiceFeedbackBase):
 
 class ServiceFeedbackRead(ServiceFeedbackBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
-    project: ProjectRead | None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
 
 
 class ServiceFeedbackPagination(Pagination):
diff --git a/src/dispatch/feedback/service/reminder/models.py b/src/dispatch/feedback/service/reminder/models.py
index 9f14ed7ad8b3..46f3c2c2637d 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/feedback/service/reminder/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/feedback/service/reminder/models.py
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ class ServiceFeedbackReminder(TimeStampMixin, Base):
 
 # Pydantic models
 class ServiceFeedbackReminderBase(DispatchBase):
-    reminder_at: datetime | None
-    individual: IndividualContactRead | None
-    project: ProjectRead | None
-    schedule_id: str | None
-    schedule_name: str | None
-    shift_end_at: datetime | None
+    reminder_at: datetime | None = None
+    individual: IndividualContactRead | None = None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
+    schedule_id: str | None = None
+    schedule_name: str | None = None
+    shift_end_at: datetime | None = None
     details: list[dict | None] = Field([], nullable=True)
 
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class ServiceFeedbackReminderCreate(ServiceFeedbackReminderBase):
 
 class ServiceFeedbackReminderUpdate(ServiceFeedbackReminderBase):
     id: PrimaryKey = None
-    reminder_at: datetime | None
+    reminder_at: datetime | None = None
 
 
 class ServiceFeedbackReminderRead(ServiceFeedbackReminderBase):
diff --git a/src/dispatch/forms/models.py b/src/dispatch/forms/models.py
index 024a320c3907..7454b28a3205 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/forms/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/forms/models.py
@@ -36,17 +36,17 @@ class Forms(TimeStampMixin, ProjectMixin, Base):
 
 # Pydantic models
 class FormsBase(DispatchBase):
-    form_type: FormsTypeRead | None
-    creator: IndividualContactReadMinimal | None
+    form_type: FormsTypeRead | None = None
+    creator: IndividualContactReadMinimal | None = None
     form_data: str | None = None
     attorney_form_data: str | None = None
     status: str | None = None
     attorney_status: str | None = None
-    project: ProjectRead | None
-    incident: IncidentReadBasic | None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
+    incident: IncidentReadBasic | None = None
     attorney_questions: str | None = None
     attorney_analysis: str | None = None
-    score: int | None
+    score: int | None = None
 
 
 class FormsCreate(FormsBase):
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class FormsUpdate(FormsBase):
 
 class FormsRead(FormsBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
-    project: ProjectRead | None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
     created_at: datetime | None = None
     updated_at: datetime | None = None
 
diff --git a/src/dispatch/forms/type/models.py b/src/dispatch/forms/type/models.py
index 2196f62dbd7d..8dd9dba98088 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/forms/type/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/forms/type/models.py
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ class FormsType(ProjectMixin, TimeStampMixin, Base):
 class FormsTypeBase(DispatchBase):
     name: NameStr
     description: str | None = None
-    enabled: bool | None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
     form_schema: str | None = None
     attorney_form_schema: str | None = None
     scoring_schema: str | None = None
-    creator: IndividualContactReadMinimal | None
-    project: ProjectRead | None
-    service: ServiceRead | None
+    creator: IndividualContactReadMinimal | None = None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
+    service: ServiceRead | None = None
 
 
 class FormsTypeCreate(FormsTypeBase):
diff --git a/src/dispatch/incident/models.py b/src/dispatch/incident/models.py
index 462bce5a6dd9..a98795f8ee78 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/incident/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/incident/models.py
@@ -240,9 +240,9 @@ def participant_observer(self, participants):
 class ProjectRead(DispatchBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading a project resource."""
 
-    id: PrimaryKey | None
+    id: PrimaryKey | None = None
     name: NameStr
-    color: str | None
+    color: str | None = None
     stable_priority: IncidentPriorityRead | None = None
     allow_self_join: bool | None = True
     display_name: str | None = None
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class CaseRead(DispatchBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading a case resource."""
 
     id: PrimaryKey
-    name: NameStr | None
+    name: NameStr | None = None
 
 
 class TaskRead(DispatchBase):
@@ -260,13 +260,13 @@ class TaskRead(DispatchBase):
 
     id: PrimaryKey
     assignees: list[ParticipantRead | None] = []
-    created_at: datetime | None
+    created_at: datetime | None = None
     description: str | None = None
     status: TaskStatus = TaskStatus.open
-    owner: ParticipantRead | None
+    owner: ParticipantRead | None = None
     weblink: AnyHttpUrl | None = None
-    resolve_by: datetime | None
-    resolved_at: datetime | None
+    resolve_by: datetime | None = None
+    resolved_at: datetime | None = None
     ticket: TicketRead | None = None
 
 
@@ -284,9 +284,9 @@ class IncidentBase(DispatchBase):
 
     title: str
     description: str
-    resolution: str | None
-    status: IncidentStatus | None
-    visibility: Visibility | None
+    resolution: str | None = None
+    status: IncidentStatus | None = None
+    visibility: Visibility | None = None
 
     @field_validator("title")
     @classmethod
@@ -310,11 +310,11 @@ class IncidentCreate(IncidentBase):
 
     commander: ParticipantUpdate | None = None
     commander_email: str | None = None
-    incident_priority: IncidentPriorityCreate | None
-    incident_severity: IncidentSeverityCreate | None
-    incident_type: IncidentTypeCreate | None
-    project: ProjectRead | None
-    reporter: ParticipantUpdate | None
+    incident_priority: IncidentPriorityCreate | None = None
+    incident_severity: IncidentSeverityCreate | None = None
+    incident_type: IncidentTypeCreate | None = None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
+    reporter: ParticipantUpdate | None = None
     tags: list[TagRead] | None = []
 
 
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ class IncidentReadBasic(DispatchBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading a basic incident resource."""
 
     id: PrimaryKey
-    name: NameStr | None
+    name: NameStr | None = None
 
 
 class IncidentReadMinimal(IncidentBase):
@@ -330,8 +330,8 @@ class IncidentReadMinimal(IncidentBase):
 
     id: PrimaryKey
     closed_at: datetime | None = None
-    commander: ParticipantReadMinimal | None
-    commanders_location: str | None
+    commander: ParticipantReadMinimal | None = None
+    commanders_location: str | None = None
     created_at: datetime | None = None
     duplicates: list[IncidentReadBasic] | None = []
     incident_costs: list[IncidentCostRead] | None = []
@@ -340,26 +340,26 @@ class IncidentReadMinimal(IncidentBase):
     incident_review_document: DocumentRead | None = None
     incident_severity: IncidentSeverityReadMinimal
     incident_type: IncidentTypeReadMinimal
-    name: NameStr | None
-    participants_location: str | None
-    participants_team: str | None
+    name: NameStr | None = None
+    participants_location: str | None = None
+    participants_team: str | None = None
     project: ProjectRead
     reported_at: datetime | None = None
-    reporter: ParticipantReadMinimal | None
-    reporters_location: str | None
+    reporter: ParticipantReadMinimal | None = None
+    reporters_location: str | None = None
     stable_at: datetime | None = None
     storage: StorageRead | None = None
     summary: str | None = None
     tags: list[TagRead] | None = []
     tasks: list[TaskReadMinimal] | None = []
-    total_cost: float | None
+    total_cost: float | None = None
 
 
 class IncidentUpdate(IncidentBase):
     """Pydantic model for updating an incident resource."""
 
     cases: list[CaseRead] | None = []
-    commander: ParticipantUpdate | None
+    commander: ParticipantUpdate | None = None
     delay_executive_report_reminder: datetime | None = None
     delay_tactical_report_reminder: datetime | None = None
     duplicates: list[IncidentReadBasic] | None = []
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ class IncidentUpdate(IncidentBase):
     incident_severity: IncidentSeverityBase
     incident_type: IncidentTypeBase
     reported_at: datetime | None = None
-    reporter: ParticipantUpdate | None
+    reporter: ParticipantUpdate | None = None
     stable_at: datetime | None = None
     summary: str | None = None
     tags: list[TagRead] | None = []
@@ -398,8 +398,8 @@ class IncidentRead(IncidentBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
     cases: list[CaseRead] | None = []
     closed_at: datetime | None = None
-    commander: ParticipantRead | None
-    commanders_location: str | None
+    commander: ParticipantRead | None = None
+    commanders_location: str | None = None
     conference: ConferenceRead | None = None
     conversation: ConversationRead | None = None
     created_at: datetime | None = None
@@ -412,16 +412,16 @@ class IncidentRead(IncidentBase):
     incident_priority: IncidentPriorityRead
     incident_severity: IncidentSeverityRead
     incident_type: IncidentTypeRead
-    last_executive_report: ReportRead | None
-    last_tactical_report: ReportRead | None
-    name: NameStr | None
+    last_executive_report: ReportRead | None = None
+    last_tactical_report: ReportRead | None = None
+    name: NameStr | None = None
     participants: list[ParticipantRead] | None = []
-    participants_location: str | None
-    participants_team: str | None
+    participants_location: str | None = None
+    participants_team: str | None = None
     project: ProjectRead
     reported_at: datetime | None = None
-    reporter: ParticipantRead | None
-    reporters_location: str | None
+    reporter: ParticipantRead | None = None
+    reporters_location: str | None = None
     stable_at: datetime | None = None
     storage: StorageRead | None = None
     summary: str | None = None
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ class IncidentRead(IncidentBase):
     tasks: list[TaskRead] | None = []
     terms: list[TermRead] | None = []
     ticket: TicketRead | None = None
-    total_cost: float | None
+    total_cost: float | None = None
     workflow_instances: list[WorkflowInstanceRead] | None = []
 
 
diff --git a/src/dispatch/incident/priority/models.py b/src/dispatch/incident/priority/models.py
index ae855b4d3f74..25c715910218 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/incident/priority/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/incident/priority/models.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Models for incident priority resources in the Dispatch application."""
+
 from pydantic import StrictBool
 
 from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Boolean
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@
 
 class IncidentPriority(Base, ProjectMixin):
     """SQLAlchemy model for incident priority resources."""
+
     __allow_unmapped__ = True
     __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("name", "project_id"),)
     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
@@ -39,14 +41,16 @@ class IncidentPriority(Base, ProjectMixin):
 
 class ProjectRead(DispatchBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading a project resource."""
-    id: PrimaryKey | None
+
+    id: PrimaryKey | None = None
     name: NameStr
-    display_name: str | None
+    display_name: str | None = None
 
 
 # Pydantic models...
 class IncidentPriorityBase(DispatchBase):
     """Base Pydantic model for incident priority resources."""
+
     name: NameStr
     description: str | None = None
     page_commander: StrictBool | None = None
@@ -62,21 +66,25 @@ class IncidentPriorityBase(DispatchBase):
 
 class IncidentPriorityCreate(IncidentPriorityBase):
     """Pydantic model for creating an incident priority resource."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class IncidentPriorityUpdate(IncidentPriorityBase):
     """Pydantic model for updating an incident priority resource."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class IncidentPriorityRead(IncidentPriorityBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading an incident priority resource."""
+
     id: PrimaryKey
 
 
 class IncidentPriorityReadMinimal(DispatchBase):
     """Pydantic model for reading a minimal incident priority resource."""
+
     id: PrimaryKey
     name: NameStr
     description: str | None = None
@@ -91,4 +99,5 @@ class IncidentPriorityReadMinimal(DispatchBase):
 
 class IncidentPriorityPagination(Pagination):
     """Pydantic model for paginated incident priority results."""
+
     items: list[IncidentPriorityRead] = []
diff --git a/src/dispatch/incident_role/models.py b/src/dispatch/incident_role/models.py
index c0eb3e62fd7e..4e7e10c61c2a 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/incident_role/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/incident_role/models.py
@@ -64,19 +64,19 @@ class IncidentRole(Base, TimeStampMixin, ProjectMixin):
 
 # Pydantic models
 class IncidentRoleBase(DispatchBase):
-    enabled: bool | None
-    tags: list[TagRead] | None
-    order: PositiveInt | None
-    incident_types: list[IncidentTypeRead] | None
-    incident_priorities: list[IncidentPriorityRead] | None
-    service: ServiceRead | None
-    individual: IndividualContactRead | None
-    engage_next_oncall: bool | None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
+    tags: list[TagRead] | None = None
+    order: PositiveInt | None = None
+    incident_types: list[IncidentTypeRead] | None = None
+    incident_priorities: list[IncidentPriorityRead] | None = None
+    service: ServiceRead | None = None
+    individual: IndividualContactRead | None = None
+    engage_next_oncall: bool | None = None
 
 
 class IncidentRoleCreateUpdate(IncidentRoleBase):
     id: PrimaryKey | None = None
-    project: ProjectRead | None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
 
 
 class IncidentRolesCreateUpdate(DispatchBase):
diff --git a/src/dispatch/monitor/models.py b/src/dispatch/monitor/models.py
index d7d02dca5b53..fbd90d4172a3 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/monitor/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/monitor/models.py
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ class Monitor(Base, ResourceMixin, TimeStampMixin):
 
 
 class MonitorBase(ResourceBase):
-    enabled: bool | None
-    status: dict | None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
+    status: dict | None = None
 
 
 class MonitorCreate(MonitorBase):
diff --git a/src/dispatch/notification/models.py b/src/dispatch/notification/models.py
index 5d7088028ac2..9f9b5cef923b 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/notification/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/notification/models.py
@@ -63,23 +63,23 @@ class NotificationBase(EvergreenBase):
     description: str | None = None
     type: NotificationTypeEnum
     target: str
-    enabled: bool | None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
 
 
 class NotificationCreate(NotificationBase):
-    filters: list[SearchFilterRead | None] = None
+    filters: list[SearchFilterRead | None] = []
     project: ProjectRead
 
 
 class NotificationUpdate(NotificationBase):
-    filters: list[SearchFilterUpdate | None]
+    filters: list[SearchFilterUpdate | None] = []
 
 
 class NotificationRead(NotificationBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
     created_at: datetime | None = None
     updated_at: datetime | None = None
-    filters: list[SearchFilterRead | None]
+    filters: list[SearchFilterRead | None] = []
 
 
 class NotificationPagination(Pagination):
diff --git a/src/dispatch/participant_activity/models.py b/src/dispatch/participant_activity/models.py
index 959bc6adf93f..48fa0bd26dad 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/participant_activity/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/participant_activity/models.py
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ class ParticipantActivity(Base):
 # Pydantic Models
 class ParticipantActivityBase(DispatchBase):
     plugin_event: PluginEventRead
-    started_at: datetime | None
-    ended_at: datetime | None
+    started_at: datetime | None = None
+    ended_at: datetime | None = None
     participant: ParticipantRead
     incident: IncidentRead | None = None
     case: CaseRead | None = None
diff --git a/src/dispatch/participant_role/models.py b/src/dispatch/participant_role/models.py
index 67a523ccce1c..e742e71d0d67 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/participant_role/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/participant_role/models.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class ParticipantRoleRead(ParticipantRoleBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
     assumed_at: datetime | None = None
     renounced_at: datetime | None = None
-    activity: int | None
+    activity: int | None = None
 
 
 class ParticipantRoleReadMinimal(ParticipantRoleRead):
diff --git a/src/dispatch/plugin/models.py b/src/dispatch/plugin/models.py
index 599decc4b55b..4ba88d733077 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/plugin/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/plugin/models.py
@@ -191,21 +191,21 @@ class PluginEventPagination(Pagination):
 
 class PluginInstanceRead(PluginBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
-    enabled: bool | None
-    configuration: dict | None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
+    configuration: dict | None = None
     configuration_schema: Any
     plugin: PluginRead
-    project: ProjectRead | None
-    broken: bool | None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
+    broken: bool | None = None
 
 
 class PluginInstanceReadMinimal(PluginBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
-    enabled: bool | None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
     configuration_schema: Any
     plugin: PluginRead
-    project: ProjectRead | None
-    broken: bool | None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
+    broken: bool | None = None
 
 
 class PluginInstanceCreate(PluginBase):
@@ -217,8 +217,8 @@ class PluginInstanceCreate(PluginBase):
 
 class PluginInstanceUpdate(PluginBase):
     id: PrimaryKey = None
-    enabled: bool | None
-    configuration: dict | None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
+    configuration: dict | None = None
 
 
 class KeyValue(DispatchBase):
diff --git a/src/dispatch/plugins/dispatch_slack/case/interactive.py b/src/dispatch/plugins/dispatch_slack/case/interactive.py
index e2c4851e7502..6a865ba0cf92 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/plugins/dispatch_slack/case/interactive.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/plugins/dispatch_slack/case/interactive.py
@@ -818,7 +818,7 @@ def handle_snooze_preview_event(
         title = form_data[DefaultBlockIds.title_input]
 
     name_taken = signal_service.get_signal_filter_by_name(
-        db_session=db_session, project_id=context["subject"].project_id, name=title
+        db_session=db_session, project_id=int(context["subject"].project_id), name=title
     )
     if name_taken:
         modal = Modal(
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ def handle_snooze_preview_event(
         return ack(response_action="update", view=modal)
 
     if form_data.get(DefaultBlockIds.entity_select):
-        entity_ids = [entity["value"] for entity in form_data[DefaultBlockIds.entity_select]]
+        entity_ids = [int(entity["value"]) for entity in form_data[DefaultBlockIds.entity_select]]
 
         preview_signal_instances = entity_service.get_signal_instances_with_entities(
             db_session=db_session,
@@ -929,7 +929,7 @@ def handle_snooze_submission_event(
         user (DispatchUser): The Dispatch user who submitted the form.
     """
     mfa_plugin = plugin_service.get_active_instance(
-        db_session=db_session, project_id=context["subject"].project_id, plugin_type="auth-mfa"
+        db_session=db_session, project_id=int(context["subject"].project_id), plugin_type="auth-mfa"
     )
     mfa_enabled = True if mfa_plugin else False
 
@@ -2558,7 +2558,7 @@ def engagement_button_approve_click(
 
     engagement = signal_service.get_signal_engagement(
         db_session=db_session,
-        signal_engagement_id=context["subject"].engagement_id,
+        signal_engagement_id=int(context["subject"].engagement_id),
     )
 
     mfa_plugin = plugin_service.get_active_instance(
@@ -2962,7 +2962,7 @@ def handle_engagement_deny_submission_event(
 
     engagement = signal_service.get_signal_engagement(
         db_session=db_session,
-        signal_engagement_id=metadata["engagement_id"],
+        signal_engagement_id=int(metadata["engagement_id"]),
     )
     send_success_modal(
         client=client,
diff --git a/src/dispatch/route/models.py b/src/dispatch/route/models.py
index 5ca31b1e7392..cb9eb5cec2ae 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/route/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/route/models.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class RecommendationMatchBase(DispatchBase):
 
 
 class RecommendationBase(DispatchBase):
-    matches: list[RecommendationMatchBase | None]
+    matches: list[RecommendationMatchBase | None] = []
 
 
 class RouteBase(DispatchBase):
diff --git a/src/dispatch/search_filter/models.py b/src/dispatch/search_filter/models.py
index 6fa5bb752c71..5bd0e0864ee5 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/search_filter/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/search_filter/models.py
@@ -44,29 +44,29 @@ class SearchFilter(Base, ProjectMixin, TimeStampMixin):
 
 # Pydantic models...
 class IndividualContactRead(DispatchBase):
-    id: PrimaryKey | None
+    id: PrimaryKey | None = None
     name: str
     email: str
 
 
 class TeamRead(DispatchBase):
-    id: PrimaryKey | None
+    id: PrimaryKey | None = None
     name: str
 
 
 class ServiceRead(DispatchBase):
-    id: PrimaryKey | None
+    id: PrimaryKey | None = None
     name: str
 
 
 class NotificationRead(DispatchBase):
-    id: PrimaryKey | None
+    id: PrimaryKey | None = None
     name: str
 
 
 class SearchFilterBase(DispatchBase):
     description: str | None = None
-    enabled: bool | None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
     expression: list[dict]
     name: NameStr
     subject: SearchFilterSubject = SearchFilterSubject.incident
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ class SearchFilterRead(SearchFilterBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
     created_at: datetime | None = None
     updated_at: datetime | None = None
-    project: ProjectRead | None
-    creator: UserRead | None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
+    creator: UserRead | None = None
     individuals: list[IndividualContactRead | None] = []
     notifications: list[NotificationRead | None] = []
     services: list[ServiceRead | None] = []
diff --git a/src/dispatch/signal/models.py b/src/dispatch/signal/models.py
index b13981fb621f..817707412307 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/signal/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/signal/models.py
@@ -316,28 +316,28 @@ class SignalFilterPagination(Pagination):
 
 
 class SignalBase(DispatchBase):
-    case_priority: CasePriorityRead | None
-    case_type: CaseTypeRead | None
-    conversation_target: str | None
+    case_priority: CasePriorityRead | None = None
+    case_type: CaseTypeRead | None = None
+    conversation_target: str | None = None
     create_case: bool | None = True
     created_at: datetime | None = None
     default: bool | None = False
-    description: str | None
+    description: str | None = None
     enabled: bool | None = False
-    external_id: str | None
-    external_url: str | None
+    external_id: str | None = None
+    external_url: str | None = None
     name: str
-    oncall_service: Service | None
+    oncall_service: Service | None = None
     owner: str
     project: ProjectRead
-    source: SourceBase | None
-    variant: str | None
-    lifecycle: str | None
-    runbook: str | None
+    source: SourceBase | None = None
+    variant: str | None = None
+    lifecycle: str | None = None
+    runbook: str | None = None
     genai_enabled: bool | None = True
-    genai_model: str | None
-    genai_system_message: str | None
-    genai_prompt: str | None
+    genai_model: str | None = None
+    genai_system_message: str | None = None
+    genai_prompt: str | None = None
 
 
 class SignalCreate(SignalBase):
@@ -372,21 +372,21 @@ class SignalPagination(Pagination):
 
 
 class AdditionalMetadata(DispatchBase):
-    name: str | None
-    value: Any | None
-    type: str | None
-    important: bool | None
+    name: str | None = None
+    value: Any | None = None
+    type: str | None = None
+    important: bool | None = None
 
 
 class SignalStats(DispatchBase):
-    num_signal_instances_alerted: int | None
-    num_signal_instances_snoozed: int | None
-    num_snoozes_active: int | None
-    num_snoozes_expired: int | None
+    num_signal_instances_alerted: int | None = None
+    num_signal_instances_snoozed: int | None = None
+    num_snoozes_active: int | None = None
+    num_snoozes_expired: int | None = None
 
 
 class SignalInstanceBase(DispatchBase):
-    project: ProjectRead | None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
     case: CaseReadMinimal | None = None
     canary: bool | None = False
     entities: list[EntityRead] | None = []
diff --git a/src/dispatch/tag/models.py b/src/dispatch/tag/models.py
index 6b8bd8dfcbef..58d0ea240c1f 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/tag/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/tag/models.py
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class TagUpdate(TagBase):
 
 class TagRead(TagBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
-    tag_type: TagTypeRead | None
+    tag_type: TagTypeRead | None = None
     project: ProjectRead
 
 
diff --git a/src/dispatch/task/models.py b/src/dispatch/task/models.py
index 0a5cbf0df38b..867f90a6aab5 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/task/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/task/models.py
@@ -89,37 +89,37 @@ def __declare_last__(cls):
 # Pydantic models
 class TaskBase(ResourceBase):
     assignees: list[ParticipantRead | None] = []
-    created_at: datetime | None
-    creator: ParticipantRead | None
+    created_at: datetime | None = None
+    creator: ParticipantRead | None = None
     description: str | None = None
     incident: IncidentReadBasic
-    owner: ParticipantRead | None
+    owner: ParticipantRead | None = None
     priority: str | None = None
-    resolve_by: datetime | None
-    resolved_at: datetime | None
+    resolve_by: datetime | None = None
+    resolved_at: datetime | None = None
     resource_id: str | None = None
     source: str | None = None
     status: TaskStatus = TaskStatus.open
-    updated_at: datetime | None
+    updated_at: datetime | None = None
 
 
 class TaskCreate(TaskBase):
     assignees: list[ParticipantUpdate | None] = []
-    creator: ParticipantUpdate | None
-    owner: ParticipantUpdate | None
-    resource_type: str | None
+    creator: ParticipantUpdate | None = None
+    owner: ParticipantUpdate | None = None
+    resource_type: str | None = None
     status: TaskStatus = TaskStatus.open
 
 
 class TaskUpdate(TaskBase):
     assignees: list[ParticipantUpdate | None] = []
-    owner: ParticipantUpdate | None
-    creator: ParticipantUpdate | None
+    owner: ParticipantUpdate | None = None
+    creator: ParticipantUpdate | None = None
 
 
 class TaskRead(TaskBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
-    project: ProjectRead | None
+    project: ProjectRead | None = None
     ticket: TicketRead | None = None
 
 
diff --git a/src/dispatch/team/models.py b/src/dispatch/team/models.py
index b031593da2f4..ef3f785d7f47 100644
--- a/src/dispatch/team/models.py
+++ b/src/dispatch/team/models.py
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ class TeamContactUpdate(TeamContactBase):
 class TeamContactRead(TeamContactBase):
     id: PrimaryKey
     filters: list[SearchFilterRead | None] = []
-    created_at: datetime
-    updated_at: datetime
+    created_at: datetime | None = None
+    updated_at: datetime | None = None
 
 
 class TeamPagination(Pagination):