|
| 1 | + |
| 2 | +# 包管理工具 |
| 3 | + |
| 4 | + |
| 5 | +### yum |
| 6 | + |
| 7 | +使用yum安装和卸载软件,软件包都是rpm格式的 |
| 8 | + |
| 9 | +#### 安装 |
| 10 | + |
| 11 | +```bash |
| 12 | +## -y:不询问,默认安装 |
| 13 | +yum install XXX -y |
| 14 | + |
| 15 | +## 升级 |
| 16 | +yum install/update xxx |
| 17 | +``` |
| 18 | + |
| 19 | +#### 查询 |
| 20 | + |
| 21 | + |
| 22 | +```bash |
| 23 | +## 使用YUM查找软件包 |
| 24 | +yum search |
| 25 | + |
| 26 | +## 列出所有可安装的软件包 |
| 27 | +yum list |
| 28 | + |
| 29 | +## 列出所有可更新的软件清单 |
| 30 | +yum check-update |
| 31 | + |
| 32 | +## 列出所有已安装的软件包 |
| 33 | +yumlist installed |
| 34 | + |
| 35 | +## 列出所有已安装但不在Yum Repository內的软件包 |
| 36 | +yumlist extras |
| 37 | + |
| 38 | +## 获取所有软件包信息 |
| 39 | +yum info |
| 40 | + |
| 41 | +## 列出软件包提供哪些文件 |
| 42 | +yum provides~ |
| 43 | +``` |
| 44 | + |
| 45 | +#### 清除 |
| 46 | + |
| 47 | +```bash |
| 48 | +## 卸载 |
| 49 | +yum erase 安装包名称 |
| 50 | +yum remove xxx |
| 51 | + |
| 52 | +## 清除缓存目录下的软件包 |
| 53 | +yum clean packages |
| 54 | + |
| 55 | +## 清除缓存目录下的 headers |
| 56 | +yum clean headers |
| 57 | + |
| 58 | +## 清除缓存目录下旧的 headers |
| 59 | +yum clean oldheaders |
| 60 | +``` |
| 61 | + |
| 62 | + |
| 63 | +#### 更换软件源 |
| 64 | + |
| 65 | +```bash |
| 66 | +## 1. 安装wget |
| 67 | +yum -y install wget |
| 68 | + |
| 69 | +## 2.修改原yum源文件名称,备份 |
| 70 | +mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.bak |
| 71 | + |
| 72 | +## 3.下载阿里yum源或163都可以 |
| 73 | +# 163的yum源 |
| 74 | +wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo |
| 75 | +# 阿里yum源 |
| 76 | +wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo |
| 77 | + |
| 78 | +## 4.清楚缓存 |
| 79 | +yum makecache |
| 80 | +``` |
| 81 | + |
| 82 | + |
| 83 | +### apt-get |
| 84 | + |
| 85 | +apt-get 命令适用于 deb 包管理式的 Linux 操作系统(Debian、Ubuntu等),主要用于自动从互联网软件仓库中搜索、下载、安装、升级、卸载软件或操作系统 |
| 86 | + |
| 87 | +#### 安装 |
| 88 | + |
| 89 | +```bash |
| 90 | +## 普通安装 |
| 91 | +apt-get install xxxx |
| 92 | +#安装指定包的指定版本 |
| 93 | +apt-get install xxx=version |
| 94 | +#重新安装 |
| 95 | +apt-get --reinstall install xxx |
| 96 | + |
| 97 | +# 安装源码包所需要的编译环境 |
| 98 | +apt-get build-dep xxx |
| 99 | +#修复依赖关系 |
| 100 | +apt-get -f install |
| 101 | +#下载软件包的源码 |
| 102 | +apt-get source xxx |
| 103 | +``` |
| 104 | + |
| 105 | + |
| 106 | +#### 卸载 |
| 107 | + |
| 108 | +```bash |
| 109 | +#删除软件包, 保留配置文件 |
| 110 | +apt-get remove xxx |
| 111 | +#删除软件包, 同时删除配置文件 |
| 112 | +apt-get --purge remove xxx |
| 113 | +删除软件包, 同时删除配置文件 |
| 114 | +apt-get purge xxx |
| 115 | + |
| 116 | +删除软件包, 同时删除为满足依赖,而自动安装且不再使用的软件包 |
| 117 | +apt-get autoremove xxx |
| 118 | +#删除软件包, 删除配置文件, 删除不再使用的依赖包 |
| 119 | +apt-get --purge autoremove xxx |
| 120 | +#清除 已下载的软件包 和 旧软件包 |
| 121 | +apt-get clean && apt-get autoclean |
| 122 | + |
| 123 | +``` |
| 124 | + |
| 125 | + |
| 126 | +#### 更新 |
| 127 | + |
| 128 | +```bash |
| 129 | +# 更新安装源(Source) |
| 130 | +apt-get update |
| 131 | +#更新已安装的软件包 |
| 132 | +apt-get upgrade |
| 133 | +#更新已安装的软件包(识别并处理依赖关系的改变) |
| 134 | +apt-get dist-upgrade |
| 135 | +``` |
| 136 | + |
| 137 | + |
| 138 | +#### 帮助命令 |
| 139 | + |
| 140 | +```bash |
| 141 | +apt-get --help |
| 142 | +``` |
| 143 | + |
| 144 | + |
| 145 | +#### 配置软件源 |
| 146 | + |
| 147 | +```bash |
| 148 | + |
| 149 | +## 1. 配置备份 |
| 150 | +cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak |
| 151 | + |
| 152 | +## 2.新建配置 |
| 153 | +sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list |
| 154 | + |
| 155 | +## 3. 配置列表 |
| 156 | +# 阿里镜像 |
| 157 | +deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse |
| 158 | +deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse |
| 159 | +deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse |
| 160 | +deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse |
| 161 | +deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse |
| 162 | +deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse |
| 163 | +deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse |
| 164 | +deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse |
| 165 | +deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse |
| 166 | +deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse |
| 167 | + |
| 168 | +# 中科大 |
| 169 | +deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted |
| 170 | +deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted |
| 171 | +deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise universe |
| 172 | +deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise universe |
| 173 | +deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe |
| 174 | +deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe |
| 175 | +deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise multiverse |
| 176 | +deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise multiverse |
| 177 | +deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse |
| 178 | +deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse |
| 179 | +deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse |
| 180 | +deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse |
| 181 | + |
| 182 | +# 搜狐源 |
| 183 | +deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted |
| 184 | +deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted |
| 185 | +deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe |
| 186 | +deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe |
| 187 | +deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe |
| 188 | +deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe |
| 189 | +deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse |
| 190 | +deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse |
| 191 | +deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse |
| 192 | +deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse |
| 193 | +deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse |
| 194 | +deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse |
| 195 | + |
| 196 | +# 网易源 |
| 197 | +deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted |
| 198 | +deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted |
| 199 | +deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise universe |
| 200 | +deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise universe |
| 201 | +deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe |
| 202 | +deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe |
| 203 | +deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse |
| 204 | +deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse |
| 205 | +deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse |
| 206 | +deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse |
| 207 | +deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse |
| 208 | +deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse |
| 209 | + |
| 210 | +#ubuntu的源, 最好也加上,避免某些库下载不到 |
| 211 | +deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse |
| 212 | +deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse |
| 213 | +deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse |
| 214 | +deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse |
| 215 | +deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse |
| 216 | + |
| 217 | + |
| 218 | +### 4. 更新 |
| 219 | +apt-get update |
| 220 | +apt update |
| 221 | +sudo apt-get update |
| 222 | +sudo apt-get upgrade |
| 223 | + |
| 224 | +``` |
| 225 | + |
| 226 | + |
| 227 | +### apk |
| 228 | + |
| 229 | +Alpine Linux 下的包管理工具 |
| 230 | + |
| 231 | +优势: |
| 232 | + |
| 233 | +- Alpine Linux的Docker镜像特点是轻巧(大小只有5M)且有完整的包管理工具(APK)。 |
| 234 | +- Docker官方镜像可能会用Alpine Linux替换Ubuntu。 |
| 235 | + |
| 236 | +劣势: |
| 237 | +- Alpine Linux使用了musl,可能和其他Linux发行版使用的glibc实现会有些不同。 |
| 238 | +- musl实现的DNS服务不会使用resolv.conf文件中的search和domain两个配置,通过DNS来进行服务发现时需要注意 |
| 239 | + |
| 240 | + |
| 241 | +Alpine使用apk进行包管理,通过apk --help命令查看完整的包管理命令 |
| 242 | + |
| 243 | + |
| 244 | +#### 基础使用 |
| 245 | + |
| 246 | +```bash |
| 247 | +apk install xxx |
| 248 | +# 搜索软件包 支持正则 |
| 249 | +apk search xxx |
| 250 | +# 查看包的详细信息 |
| 251 | +apk info xxx |
| 252 | +#显示完整的软件包信息 |
| 253 | +apk info -a zlib |
| 254 | +#显示指定文件属于的包 |
| 255 | +apk info --who-owns /sbin/lbu |
| 256 | + |
| 257 | +# list local package |
| 258 | +apk show |
| 259 | +# 卸载并删除 包 |
| 260 | +apk del openssh openntp vim |
| 261 | + |
| 262 | +$ apk info #列出所有已安装的软件包 |
| 263 | + |
| 264 | +``` |
| 265 | + |
| 266 | +#### 升级 |
| 267 | + |
| 268 | +upgrade命令升级系统已安装的所以软件包(一般包括内核),当然也可指定仅升级部分软件包(通过-u或–upgrade选择指定)。 |
| 269 | + |
| 270 | +```bash |
| 271 | +# 更新最新本地镜像源 |
| 272 | +apk update |
| 273 | +# 升级软件 |
| 274 | +apk upgrade |
| 275 | +# 指定升级部分软件包 |
| 276 | +apk add --upgrade busybox |
| 277 | +## 指定仓库 |
| 278 | +apk add docker --update-cache --repository http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/alpine/v3.4/main/ --allow-untrusted |
| 279 | +``` |
| 280 | + |
| 281 | +#### 配置软件源 |
| 282 | + |
| 283 | +- <https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/alpine/> |
| 284 | + |
| 285 | +```bash |
| 286 | +vi /etc/apk/repositories |
| 287 | + |
| 288 | +# /media/cdrom/apks |
| 289 | +http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/alpine/v3.5/main |
| 290 | +http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/alpine/v3.5/community |
| 291 | + |
| 292 | +## 替换阿里源 |
| 293 | +sed -i 's/dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/mirrors.aliyun.com/g' /etc/apk/repositories |
| 294 | + |
| 295 | +## 替换中科大源 |
| 296 | +sed -i 's/dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/g' /etc/apk/repositories |
| 297 | +``` |
| 298 | + |
| 299 | + |
| 300 | + |
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